[化学好资料]Basic Technology and Tools in Chemical Engineering Field.pdf

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1、FirstEdition,2012ISBN978-81-323-3722-5©Allrightsreserved.Publishedby:UniversityPublications4735/22PrakashdeepBldg,AnsariRoad,DaryaGanj,Delhi-110002Email:info@wtbooks.comTableofContentsChapter1-CentrifugationChapter2-CrystallizationChapter3-Crystallization(engineeringaspect

2、s)Chapter4-ChromatographyChapter5-Size-ExclusionChromatographyChapter6-IonandAffinityChromatographyChapter7-Liquid-LiquidExtractionChapter8-SolidPhaseExtractionChapter9-PlugFlowReactorModelChapter10-ArtificialMembraneChapter11-GasChromatographyChapter-1CentrifugationCentri

3、fugationisaprocessthatinvolvestheuseofthecentrifugalforcefortheseparationofmixtureswithacentrifuge,usedinindustryandinlaboratorysettings.More-densecomponentsofthemixturemigrateawayfromtheaxisofthecentrifuge,whileless-densecomponentsofthemixturemigratetowardstheaxis.Chemist

4、sandbiologistsmayincreasetheeffectivegravitationalforceonatesttubesoastomorerapidlyandcompletelycausetheprecipitate("pellet")togatheronthebottomofthetube.Theremainingsolutionisproperlycalledthe"supernate"or"supernatantliquid".Thesupernatantliquidistheneitherquicklydecanted

5、fromthetubewithoutdisturbingtheprecipitate,orwithdrawnwithaPasteurpipette.Therateofcentrifugationisspecifiedbytheaccelerationappliedtothesample,typicallymeasuredinrevolutionsperminute(RPM)org.Theparticles'settlingvelocityincentrifugationisafunctionoftheirsizeandshape,centr

6、ifugalacceleration,thevolumefractionofsolidspresent,thedensitydifferencebetweentheparticleandtheliquid,andtheviscosity.Inthechemicalandfoodindustries,specialcentrifugescanprocessacontinuousstreamofparticle-ladenliquid.Centrifugationisthemostcommonmethodusedforuraniumenrich

7、ment,relyingontheslightmassdifferencebetweenatomsofU238andU235inuraniumhexafluoridegas.CentrifugationinbiotechnologyMicrocentrifugesandsuperspeedcentrifugesInmicrocentrifugation,centrifugesareruninbatchtoisolatesmallvolumesofbiologicalmoleculesorcells(prokaryoticandeukaryo

8、tic).Nucleiisalsooftenpurifiedviamicrocentrifugation.Microcentrifugetubesgenerallyhold1.5