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1、微观经济理论----基本模型和扩展(英文版)100CHAPTER10GAMETHEORYANDSTRATEGICEQUILIBRIUMUncertaintyalsoaffectsindividualdecision-makinginsituationsthatrequiredealingwithotherpeople1>.Whentheutilityanindividualreceivesdependsontheactionsthatotherstake,heorshemustmakesomesortofconjec
2、tureaboutwhatthoseactionswillbe.Suchconjectures,bytheirverynature,involveuncertainty.But,bystudyingtheoptionsopentoalloftheindi-vidualsinaparticularsituation,itmaybepossibletomakesomeprogressinanalyzingutil-ity-maximizingbehavior.Theformaltoolsfordoingthiscomef
3、rom“gametheory.”Asthenameimplies,thesubjectofgametheoryinvolvesthestudyofstrategic,gamelikesituations,rang-ingfromthetrivial(tic-tac-toe,blackjack)totheawesomelycomplex(antimissiledefense).Inthischapterweprovideanintroductiontothistopicandsomeillustrationsofthe
4、kindsofstrategicequilibriathatcanariseinrelativelysimplegames.Thesetoolswillbeusefulatsev-eralplaceslaterinthebook,especiallyinChapter20,whichusesgametheorytostudystrate-gicinteractionsamongfirmsinanindustry.246PartIIIChoiceUnderUncertaintyBasicConceptsGametheo
5、rymodelsseektoportraycomplexstrategicsituationsinahighlysim-plifiedandstylizedsetting.Muchliketheothermodelsinthisbook,gametheorymodelsabstractfrommostofthepersonalandinstitutionaldetailsofaprobleminordertoarriveatarepresentationofthesituationthatismathematical
6、lytractable.Thisabilitytogettothe“heart”oftheproblemisthegreateststrengthofthistypeofmodeling.Anysituationinwhichindividualsmustmakestrategicchoicesandinwhichthefinaloutcomewilldependonwhateachpersonchoosestodocanbeviewedasagame.Allgameshavethreebasicelements:(
7、1)players;(2)strategies;and(3)pay-offs.Gamesmaybecooperative,inwhichplayerscanmakebindingagreements,ornoncooperative,wheresuchagreementsarenotpossible.Herewewillbeconcernedprimarilywithnoncooperativegames.Thebasicelementslistedbelowareincludedinsuchgames.Player
8、sEachdecision-makerinagameiscalledaplayer.Theseplayersmaybeindividuals(asinpokergames),firms(asinoligopolymarkets),orentirenations(asinmili-taryconflicts).Allplayersarechara
