机械工程英 语

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1、TheLatheandItsConstruction车床及其结构Alatheisamachinetoolusedprimarilyforproducingsurfacesofrevolutionandflatedges.车床是主要用于生成旋转表面和平整边缘的机床。Basedontheirpurpose,construction,numberoftoolsthatcansimultaneouslybemounted,anddegreeofautomation,lathes-or,moreaccurately,lathe-typemachinetoolscanbecla

2、ssifiedasfollows:根据它们的使用目的、结构、能同时被安装刀具的数量和自动化的程度，车床—或更确切地说是车床类的机床，可以被分成以下几类：(1)Enginelathes(2)Toolroomlathes(3)Turretlathes(4)Verticalturningandboringmills(5)Automaticlathes(6)Special-purposelathes(1)普通车床(2)万能车床(3)转塔车床(4)立式车床(5)自动车床(6)特殊车床Inspiteofthatdiversityoflathe-typemachinetools,

3、theyallhavecommonfeatureswithrespecttoconstructionandprincipleofoperation.Thesefeaturescanbestbeillustratedbyconsideringthecommonlyusedrepresentativetype,theenginelathe.Followingisadescriptionofeachofthemainelementsofanenginelathe,whichisshowninFig.11.1.虽然车床类的机床多种多样，但它们在结构和操作原理上具有共同特性。

4、这些特性可以通过普通车床这一最常用的代表性类型来最好地说明。下面是关于图11.1所示普通车床的主要部分的描述。Lathebed.Thelathebedisthemainframe,involvingahorizontalbeamontwoverticalsupports.Itisusuallymadeofgreyornodularcastirontodampvibrationsandismadebycasting.车床床身：车床床身是包含了在两个垂直支柱上水平横梁的主骨架。为减振它一般由灰铸铁或球墨铸铁铸造而成。Ithasguidewaystoallowthecar

5、riagetoslideeasilylengthwise.Theheightofthelathebedshouldbeappropriatetoenablethetechniciantodohisorherjobeasilyandcomfortably.它上面有能让大拖板轻易纵向滑动的导轨。车床床身的高度应适当以让技师容易而舒适地工作。Headstock.Theheadstockisfixedatthelefthandsideofthelathebedandincludesthespindlewhoseaxisisparalleltotheguideways(the

6、slidesurfaceofthebed).Thespindleisdriventhroughthegearbox,whichishousedwithintheheadstock.主轴箱：主轴箱固定在车床床身的左侧，它包括轴线平行于导轨的主轴。主轴通过装在主轴箱内的齿轮箱驱动。Thefunctionofthegearboxistoprovideanumberofdifferentspindlespeeds(usually6upto18speeds).Somemodernlatheshaveheadstockswithinfinitelyvariablespindle

7、speeds,whichemployfrictional,electrical,orhydraulicdrives.齿轮箱的功能是给主轴提供若干不同的速度(通常是6到18速)。有些现代车床具有采用摩擦、电力或液压驱动的无级调速主轴箱。Thespindleisalwayshollow,i.e.,ithasathroughholeextendinglengthwise.Barstockscanbefedthroughthatholeifcontinuousproductionisadopted.主轴往往是中空的，即纵向有一通孔。如果采取连续生产，棒料能通过此孔进给。