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1、Chapter2Thermo-MechanicalPretreatmentofFeedstocksChinnaduraiKarunanithyandKasiviswanathanMuthukumarappanAbstractPretreatmentisthefirststeptoopenupthecomplexstructureoffeedstockandtofacilitatetheaccessofhydrolyticenzymestocarbohydrates.Researchersarepayingutmostcaretop
2、retreatmentsinceithaspervasiveimpactindownstreamprocessing.Numerouspretreatmentshavebeeninvestigatedinthepastwithvariousdegreesofsuccessandstillseveralnewinvestigationsareunderprogress.Extrusion/thermo-mechanicalprocessisacontinuousviablepretreat-mentandeasytoadaptati
3、ndustryscalewithflexibilityinprocessmodifications.Agriculturalresiduesanddedicatedenergycropssuchascornstover,prairiecordgrass,wheatstraw,ricestraw,rapestraw,barleystraw,wheatbran,soybeanhull,switchgrass,miscanthus,bigbluestem,andforestproductssuchaspoplar,pine,Dougla
4、sfir,andeucalyptusweresubjectedtoextrusionpretreatmentwithorwithoutchemicals.Thischapterprovidesanoverviewofextrusionpretreatmentsincludingthemechanisminfluencingextruderandfeedstockparameters,evalu-ationofpretreatmentefficiencyincludingproductionofpotentialfermentati
5、oninhibitors,torquerequirements,anddirectionforfuturework.Keywords Extrusion • Screwspeed • Barreltemperature • Particlesize • Moisturecontent • Sugarrecovery • Hydrolysis • Torque • FermentationinhibitorsC.Karunanithy(*)FoodandNutrition,UniversityofWisconsin-Stout,Me
6、nomonie,WI54751,USAe-mail:chinnaduraik@uwstout.eduK.MuthukumarappanDepartmentofAgriculturalandBiosystemsEngineering,SouthDakotaStateUniversity,Brookings,SD57007,USAe-mail:kas.muthukum@sdstate.eduT.Gu(ed.),GreenBiomassPretreatmentforBiofuelsProduction,31SpringerBriefsi
7、nGreenChemistryforSustainability,DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-6052-3_2,©TheAuthor(s)201332C.KarunanithyandK.Muthukumarappan2.1IntroductionAbout60%oftheworld’sethanolisproducedintheUSandBrazilexploitingsug-arcaneandcorn,respectively.Economicsandlimitationingrainsupplyleadtos
8、earchforalternativeresources.Inordertomeettheever-growingfueldemand,worldwideresearchersareexploringalternaterenewableresour