民主主义与教育英文版Chapter13

民主主义与教育英文版Chapter13

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1、ChapterThirteenTheNatureofMethod1.TheUnityofSubjectMatterandMethod.Thetrinityofschooltopicsissubjectmatter,methods,andadministrationorgovernment.Wehavebeenconcernedwiththetwoformerinrecentchapters.Itremainstodisentanglethemfromthecontextinwhichtheyhavebeenreferredto,anddiscussexplic

2、itlytheirnature.Weshallbeginwiththetopicofmethod,sincethatliesclosesttotheconsiderationsofthelastchapter.Beforetakingitup,itmaybewell,however,tocallexpressattentiontooneimplicationofourtheory;theconnectionofsubjectmatterandmethodwitheachother.Theideathatmindandtheworldofthingsandper

3、sonsaretwoseparateandindependentrealms--atheorywhichphilosophicallyisknownasdualism--carrieswithittheconclusionthatmethodandsubjectmatterofinstructionareseparateaffairs.Subjectmatterthenbecomesaready-madesystematizedclassificationofthefactsandprinciplesoftheworldofnatureandman.Metho

4、dthenhasforitsprovinceaconsiderationofthewaysinwhichthisantecedentsubjectmattermaybebestpresentedtoandimpresseduponthemind;or,aconsiderationofthewaysinwhichthemindmaybeexternallybroughttobearuponthemattersoastofacilitateitsacquisitionandpossession.Intheory,atleast,onemightdeducefrom

5、ascienceofthemindassomethingexistingbyitselfacompletetheoryofmethodsoflearning,withnoknowledgeofthesubjectstowhichthemethodsaretobeapplied.Sincemanywhoareactuallymostproficientinvariousbranchesofsubjectmatterarewhollyinnocentofthesemethods,thisstateofaffairsgivesopportunityfortheret

6、ortthatpedagogy,asanallegedscienceofmethodsofthemindinlearning,isfutile;--amerescreenforconcealingthenecessityateacherisunderofprofoundandaccurateacquaintancewiththesubjectinhand.Butsincethinkingisadirectedmovementofsubjectmattertoacompletingissue,andsincemindisthedeliberateandinten

7、tionalphaseoftheprocess,thenotionofanysuchsplitisradicallyfalse.Thefactthatthematerialofascienceisorganizedisevidencethatithasalreadybeensubjectedtointelligence;ithasbeenmethodized,sotosay.Zoologyasasystematicbranchofknowledgerepresentscrude,scatteredfactsofourordinaryacquaintancewi

8、thanimalsaftertheyh

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