pdf osprey campaign 098 2001 kalka river 1223 genghiz khan′s mongols invade russia (ocr, miss.p.15+end)外语英文电子书

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1、OSPREYCampaignPUBLISHINGKalkaRiver1223GenghizKhan’sMongolsinvadeRussiaDNicolle&VShpakovsky·IllustratedbyVKorolkov6ORIGINSOFTHECAMPAIGNTemuchinoftheBorjigintribeookingbackatthe13thcentury,beforetheMongolseruptedontoadoptedthenameofGenghizthescene,itisobviousthatthiswasnotapeacefulorquie

2、tperiod.Khanor'UniversalRuler'whenLWarsseemedtoflareallacrossEuropeandAsiabetweenstateshewaschosenassupremekhanofalltheMongoltribes.Thelargeandsmall,betweenkings,princes,emperorsandevenbetweenKalkaRivercampaign,duringlocalbaronsorgovernors.ThiswasastrueinRussiaaselsewhere.Herewhichasma

3、llpartofGenghiztheRussianprincesfoughtbetweenthemselvesandagainsttheirKhan'sapparentlyinvincibleneighbours.ThelatterincludedVolgaBulgarstotheeast,Finnishtribesarmymadearemarkablearmedreconnaissancefartothewest,totheeastandnorth-east,PolesandHungarianstothewestandwasonlyaminorepisodeina

4、Polovtsianstothesouth.ThelatterformedaloosefederationofTurkishcareerofconquestthattribesotherwiseknownasKipchaqsorCumans.RivalrywiththesurpassedthatofanymilitaryPolovtsianssometimesalsodrewintherulersofGeorgia,Abkhazia,leaderbeforeorsince.HeappearshereinaChineseArmeniaandeventheByzanti

5、neEmpire.CompetitionforcontrolofportraitmadeafewyearsafterwealthytradingoutpostsintheCrimeanpeninsulaalsobegantodrawinhisdeath.thewesternEuropeanGenoeseandVenetiansaswellastheSeljuk(NationalPalaceMuseum,TurkishrulersofAnatoliaonthefarsideoftheBlackSea.Taiwan,RepublicofChina)Meanwhileth

6、eIslamicworldwasnomorepeaceful.HereanambitiousdynastyofrulershademergedinthepreviouslyrichbutratherisolatedprovinceofKhwarazmonthesouthernshoreoftheAralSeainTransoxania.TheseKhwarazmshahswerenowcarvingoutahugestateencompassingmuchofTransoxania,IranandAfghanistan,builtontheruinsofthefra

7、gmentedGreatSeljukstatewhichhadprecededthem.AtthesametimetheremainingSeljukTurkishprincesandtheirothersmallersuccessorstateswerealltoooftenfightingagainsteachotherwhentheywerenotengagedintryingtosuppresstheaggressiveCrusaderStatesintheMiddleEast.IntheFarEastthingsseemedsomewhatmorepe