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1、ChapterThreeWordFormation3.1MorphemesStructurally,awordisnotthesmallestunitbecausemanywordscanbeseparatedintoevensmallermeaningfulunits.Forexample,"tion,sionetc：belongtothesamesuffixastheyhavethesamemeaningandgrammaticalfunction.Thesedifferentformsoccurow
2、ingtodifferentsoundenvironment.Theseminimalmeaningfulunitsareknownasmorphemes,"thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwordsMorphemescanbeclassifiedinto:freemorphemesandboundmorphemes.3.1.1FreeMorphemesMorphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarec
3、onsideredtobefree.Thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Theyareidenticalwithrootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreeroot,wemightaswellsaythatfreemorphemesarefreeroots.3.1.2BoundMorphemesMorphemeswhi
4、chcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyaresonamedbecausetheyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.Boundmorphemesarechieflyfoundinderivedwords.Itincludesboundrootandaffix.3.1.3Boundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.Un
5、likeafreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.InEnglish,boundrootsareeitherLatinorGreek.Althoughtheyarelimitedinnumber,theirproductivepowerisamazing.3.1.4Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfuncti
6、on.Accordingtothefunctionsofaffixes,wecanputthemintotwogroups:inflectionalandderivationalaffixes.Inflectionalaffixesareaffixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationships.Thenumberofinflectionalaffixesissmallandstable,suchas-s(-es)ofregularpl
7、uralsuffix,ofpossessive-s,-ed,-ingofverbforms-er,-estofcomparativeorsuperlativedegrees.Derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.Derivationalaffixescanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.Prefixescomebeforethewordandthesuffixes
8、aftertheword・Inwordsrecollection(re+collect+ion),idealistic(ideal+ist+ic),ex-prisoner(ex+prison+er),"collect,idea,prison^,arefreemorphemes,theyareindependentofothermorphemesandareconsideredtobefree,whichhavecomplete
