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1、1MDG1EradicateExtremePovertyandHungerMALAYSIAAchievingtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsn1970,MalaysiawaspredominantlyaruralagriculturalsocietywithsharpspatialandIethnicdisparitiesinincomeandsocialwell-being.Itsetforitselfanambitiousdevelopmentgoaloferadicatingpoverty.I
2、njustabout15yearsfrom1970,whenhalfofallhouseholdswerepoor,Malaysiamorethanhalvedtheincidenceofabsolutepoverty.Inanother15yearsfromthemid-1980s,Malaysiaagainmorethanhalvedthelevelofabsolutepoverty.Bytheearlyyearsofthenewmillennium(2002),just5.1percentofhouseholdswer
3、epoor.Withthistrackrecord,Malaysiacanbeclassifiedasasuccessstoryinattackingabsolutepoverty,enablingittoreachtheMDGtargetofhalvingpovertywellbefore2015.Malaysiaisnowclosetohavingeradicatedextremepoverty.Howwasthisrapidprogressachieved?Whatwerethepoliciesandprogramme
4、s?Howwereconstraintsovercome?Whatarethelessonsthatcanbelearnt?ThischapterpresentsMalaysia’srecordofachievementsinovercomingpovertyandthechallengesremainingforthefuture.Malaysia’sexperienceinpovertyreductionisofparticularinterestbecauseithasbeenachievedinamulti-ethn
5、icandculturallydiversesetting.Furthermore,itseconomicgrowthstrategyhasintegratedcommitmentstopovertyeliminationandrestructuringofsocietyascentralobjectivesinitsdevelopmentvision.Malaysia’simpressivepovertyreductionhasbeen,inlargepart,duetosustained,albeitvariable,e
6、conomicgrowth––averageannualgrowthrateofrealGDPwas7percentoverthelastthreeandahalfdecades(Table1.1).Internationalevidencesuggeststhattherateofeconomicgrowthisapowerfulinfluenceonpovertyreduction.Table1.1AnnualGrowthRatesofGrossDomesticProduct,MalaysiaFive-YearPlanP
7、eriods(%)1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th*1966–701971–51976–801981–51986–901991–51996–20002001–5Averageannualgrowthrateofreal5.47.18.65.86.78.74.77.5GDP(%)Sourcesofdata:Hendersonetal,2002;Malaysia,EconomicPlanningUnit,2001a.*Estimate.Povertyismultidimensional.Itis,ofcourse
8、,morethanalackofincome.Povertyis34alsoassociatedwithlackofaccesstobasiceducation,health(includingreproductivehealth)servicesandinformation,shelte