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1、1IntroductiontoNanosensors1.1 GettingStartedwithNanosensorsThisbookdealswithNanosensors:Physical,Chemical,andBiological.So,thequestionsthatimmediatelycometomindareasfollows:(1)Whatisnanotech-nology?(2)Whatarenanosensors?(3)Whatisthemeaningoftheterms“p
2、hysical,”“chemical,”or“biological”aloneandwhenappliedtonanosensors?Thesequestionsneedtobeansweredattheoutset.Clearly,thestartingpointinthestudyofnanosensorswillbethebasicconceptsofphysics,chem-istry,biology,andnanotechnology.Semiconductorelectronicswi
3、llalsobeintroduced.Thekeytermswillbedefined.Thesewillenablethereadertorecapitulatethepreliminaryknowledgerequiredtounderstandthesubjectmatter.Theywillalsohelptobuildupthevocabularyofthenewwordsofnanotechnologythatthereaderwillcomeacrossinthisbook.Anex
4、haustiverevisionofthesefieldsisnotintended,onlyreminiscesofinterestingphysi-cal,chemical,andbiologicalmaterialsandphenomenawillbeprovidedtohighlighttheinterdisciplinarynatureofthesubject.Thenthemotivationbehindadvancementfrommacro-tomicro-andtonanosen
5、sorswillbeexplained.Thereaderwillbeintroducedtotherap-idlyadvancingfieldofnanosensorsandacquaintedwithdifferenttypesofnanosensors,treatingthefundamentalprinciplesandclassificationofnanosensorsandlayingthefoundationuponwhichthesucceedingchap-terswillbe
6、constructed.Thescopeandorganizationalplanofthebookwillbedescribed.Letusbeginbyrevisingtheknowledgeofelementarynaturalsciences.1.2 NaturalSciencesWhatisnaturalscience?Naturalscienceisthesystematizedknowledgeofnatureandthephysicalworld.Itisascience,such
7、asbiology,chemistry,physics,andearthscience,thatdealswithobjects,phenomena,orlawsofnatureandthephysicalworld(Brooks2006).12Nanosensors:Physical,Chemical,andBiological1.3 Physics1.3.1 DefinitionofPhysicsPhysicsisthescienceofforcesthatexistbetweenobject
8、s,theinterrela-tionshipbetweenmatterandenergy,andinteractionsbetweenthetwo(Daintith2010).1.3.2 BranchesofPhysicsWhatarethedifferentbranchesofphysics?Physicsisgroupedintotraditionalfieldssuchasmechanics,propertiesofmatter,heat,light,sound,elect
