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1、第一章、绪论Introduction1、语言学的主要分支是什么。每个分支的研究对象是什么？Linguisticsmainlyinvolvesthefollowingbranches:Generallinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguageasawholeandwhichdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudyPhonetics,whichstudiesthesoundstha
2、tareusedinlinguisticcommunicationPhonology,whichstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationMorphology,whichstudiesthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsSyntax,whichstudieshowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesSemantics,whichisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.Pr
3、agmatics,whichisthestudyofmeaningnotinisolation,butincontextofuseSociolinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyPsycholinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.Appliedlinguistics,whichisconcernedabouttheapplicationoflinguisticfindings
4、inlinguisticstudies;Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Otherrelatedbranchesareanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicalinguistics,mathematicallinguis
5、tics,andcomputationallinguistics.2、现代语言学Modernlinguistics与传统语法Traditionalgrammar有什么区别？Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itsetsmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic
6、,andmainlyspokenlanguagedata.Itissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveandthetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis"correct"ornot.3、什么叫共时研究？什么叫历时研究？ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy（共时研究）;thedescriptionofalanguageasitch
7、angesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy（历时研究）.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointinrime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.4、人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？1)Arbitrariness。Itmeansthattherei
8、snologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Fo
