Microeconomic Theory Basic Principles and Extensions, 9th Edition.

Microeconomic Theory Basic Principles and Extensions, 9th Edition.

ID:40085192

大小:3.65 MB

页数:718页

时间:2019-07-20

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1、CHAPTER1ECONOMICMODELSThisbookillustrateshowmodelsareusedbyeconomiststoexplainthepricingofgoodsandservices.Itsgoalistoprovidestudentswithastrongfoundationfortheirlaterworkinboththeoreticalandappliedfieldsineconomics.Thisfirstchapterislargelyphilosophicalinna-ture.Itlooksattheroleofmodelinginsci

2、enceandreviewsabitofthehistoryofeconomics.4Part1IntroductionTheoreticalModelsAmoderneconomyisaverycomplicatedplace.Thousandsoffirmsengageinpro-ducingmillionsofdifferentgoods.Millionsofindividualsworkinallsortsofoccu-pationsandmakedecisionsaboutwhichofthesegoodstobuy.Takepeanuts,forexample.They

3、mustbeharvestedattherighttimeandshippedtoprocessorswhoturnthemintopeanutbutter,peanutoil,peanutbrittle,andnumerousotherpeanutdelicacies.Theseprocessors,inturn,mustmakecertainthattheirproductsarriveatthousandsofretailoutletsintheproperquantitiestomeetdemand.Becauseitwouldbeimpossibletodescribe

4、thefeaturesofjustthesepeanutmar-ketsincompletedetail,economistshavechosentoabstractfromthecomplexitiesoftherealworldandtodeveloprathersimplemodelsthatcapturethe“essentials.”Justasaroadmapishelpfuleventhoughitdoesnotrecordeveryhouseoreverybladeofgrass,economicmodelsof,say,themarketforpeanutsar

5、ealsoveryusefuleventhoughtheydonotrecordeveryminutefeatureofthepeanuteconomy.Inthisbookweshallbestudyingthemostwidelyusedeconomicmodels.Weshallseethat,eventhoughtheymakeheroicabstractionsfromthetruecomplexitiesoftherealworld,theynonethelesscapturemanyessentialfeaturesthatarecommontoalleconomi

6、cactivities.Theuseofmodelsiswidespreadinboththephysicalandsocialsciences.Inphysics,thenotionofa“perfect”vacuumoran“ideal”gasisanabstractionthatper-mitsscientiststostudyreal-worldphenomenainsimplifiedsettings.Inchemistry,theideaofanatomoramoleculeisinactualityaverysimplifiedmodelofthestruc-tureo

7、fmatter.Architectsusemock-upmodelstoplanbuildings.Televisionrepair-ersrefertowiringdiagramstolocateproblems.Sotoo,economistshavedevelopedtheirmodelsasaidstounderstandingeconomicissues.Theseportraythewayindi-vidualsmakedecisions,thewayfirmsbeha

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