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1、NanotechnologyhasrekindledinterestintheKondoeffect,oneofthemostwidelystudiedphenomenaincondensed-matterphysicsRevivaloftheKondoeffectLeoKouwenhovenandLeonidGlazmanWHYwouldanyonestillwanttostudyabehaveasasingleentity.Indeed,super-HIMBUNphysicalphenomenonthatwasdiscov-Sconduc
2、tivityisaprimeexampleofaSAHIeredinthe1930s,explainedinthe1960sAmany-electronphenomenon.andhasbeenthesubjectofnumerousOthermetals,likecopperandgold,reviewssincethe1970s?AlthoughtheremainconductingandhaveaconstantKondoeffectisawellknownandwidelyfiniteresistance,evenatthelowest
3、ac-studiedphenomenonincondensed-cessibletemperatures.Thevalueofthematterphysics,itcontinuestocapturelow-temperatureresistancedependsontheimaginationofexperimentalistsandthenumberofdefectsinthematerial.theoristsalike.AddingdefectsincreasesthevalueofTheeffectarisesfromtheinte
4、ractionsthis“saturationresistance”butthechar-betweenasinglemagneticatom,suchacterofthetemperaturedependenceascobalt,andthemanyelectronsinanremainsthesame.otherwisenon-magneticmetal.SuchanHowever,thisbehaviourchangesdra-impuritytypicallyhasanintrinsicangu-maticallywhenmagnet
5、icatoms,suchaslarmomentumor“spin”thatinteractscobalt,areadded.Ratherthansatur-withtheelectrons.Asaresult,themathe-ating,theelectricalresistanceincreasesmaticaldescriptionofthesystemisadif-asthetemperatureisloweredfurther.ficultmany-bodyproblem.Althoughthisbehaviourdoesnotinv
6、olveThetheorythatdescribesthescatteringofHowever,theKondoproblemiswellelectronsfromalocalizedmagneticimpuritywasaphasetransition,theso-calledKondodefined,makingitanattractivetestinginitiatedbytheworkofJunKondoin1964temperature–roughlyspeakingthetem-groundforthenewnumericalan
7、dana-peratureatwhichtheresistancestartstolyticaltoolsthathavebeendevelopedtoattackotherchal-increaseagain–completelydeterminesthelow-temperaturelengingmany-bodyproblems.InterestintheKondoeffectelectronicpropertiesofthematerial.Sincethe1930stherehasthereforepersistedbecausei
8、tprovidescluestounder-havebeenmanyobservationsofananomalousincreaseinstandingtheel
