儿童与成人外语学习差异说

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1、7.4ExplanationstoChildandAdultL2learning（儿童与成人外语学习差异原因说）Forexplanationssurveythedifferencesbetweenchildandadultlearnersofsecondlanguagefromdifferentperspectivesandprovidebiological,cognitiveandaffectiveexplanationsforsecondlanguagelearning.Inbiologicalexplanationsfor

2、optimalageofL2learning,theconsiderationsaremostprominentandinfluential.Theyare1.thecriticalperiodhypothesis.2.neurologicalconsiderations3.psychomotorconsiderations7.4.1Biologicalexplanations1)ThecriticalperiodhypothesisThecriticalperiodhypothesisInitiallythenotionofc

3、riticalperiodwasproposedbyLenneberg(伦内伯格)in1967.Andwasonlyconnectedtofirstlanguageacquisition.Later,L2researchershaveoutlinedthepossibilitiesofextrapolatingthecriticalperiodhypothesistoL2learning,too.DefinitionofthecriticalperiodThecriticalperiodstatesthatthereisaper

4、iodwhenlanguageacquisitiontakesplacenaturallyandeffortlessly.Itisabiologicallydeterminedperiodoflifewhenlanguagecanbeacquiredmoreeasilyandbeyondwhichtimelanguagebecomesincreasinglydifficulttolearn.Thehypothesisclaimsthatthereissuchabiologicaltimetableforalllanguagele

5、arners.Itarguesthattheoptimumageforlanguageacquisitionfallswithinthetenfirsttenyearsoflife.AcriticalpointforL2learningoccursaroundpuberty.Duringthisperiodthebrainretainsplasticity,butwiththeonsetofpubertythisplasticitybeginstodisappearandlearnersseemtoberelativelyinc

6、apableofacquiringanative-likeintonationandpronunciationofsecondlanguage.Someresearch(Lenneberg1976)suggeststhatthisistheresultofthelateralization（边化，偏侧性）ofthelanguagefunctioninthelefthemisphereofthebrain.1.Thecriticalperiodhypothesisisaninadequateaccountoftheroleplay

7、edbyageinSLA,becausethisassumptionisonlypartiallycorrect.pronunciationoraccentisnottheonlycriterionofsuccessfulL2learningintermofsuccessorrateofacquisition.AsEllis(1985)pointsoutthatthecriticalperiodhypothesisneedstoberecasttoaccountforwhylossofplasticityaffectspronu

8、nciationbutnototherlevelsoflanguage.Othersopinionsaboutcriticalperiodhypothesis2.Somepsycholinguistsraiseddoubtsabout“onesingleandu