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1、StatisticsPage1StatisticalmethodsinlaboratoryphonologyJohnKingstonSeptember7,2009LinguisticsDepartmentUniversityofMassachusetts226SouthCollege,150HicksWayAmherst,MA01003-92741-413-545-6833,fax-2792jkingston@linguist.umass.eduPreliminarydraft:Pleasedonotciteorquotewithoutpermi
2、ssion.JohnKingstonSeptember7,2009StatisticsPage21IntroductionStatisticsisoneofthemethodsthatconstitutelaboratoryphonology.Inthischapter,Ipresentextendedstatisticalanalysesofthreedatasetsthatexemplifythevarietyofstatis-ticaltechniquesthatareapplicabletoquantitativestudiesofpho
3、nology.Mygoalindis-cussingtheseexamplesistoshowhowstatisticscanbeusedtotellaclearstoryaboutthedata.Inallthreeexamples,thatstoryincludesexplicithypothesistesting,ausethatiswidelythoughttobetheprincipalpurposeofastatisticalanalysis,butatleastasmuchattentionisdevotedtoshowinghow
4、statisticaltoolscanalsobeusedtoexplorethedata'scharacteristics.Mygoalistodecribebestpracticesforthequantitativeanalysisinlabo-ratoryphonology.Iassumethatreadersofthischapterhasstudiedenoughstatisticsthattheyknowtheconceptsandtechniquescoveredinatypicalifbriskundergraduateintr
5、o-ductiontostatistics,includingsampleandpopulation,probability,distribution,centraltendenciesandvariances,hypothesistesting,signi canceandpower,Type1andType2error,t-tests,one-wayanalysisofvariance,andsimplelinearregression.Thedependentvariableinthe rstdatasetiscontinuous,thed
6、urationofFinnishvow-els.Simpleandmultipleregressionmodelsaredevelopedforthesedata,followingdetailedgraphicalexplorationoftheircharacteristics.Considerableattentionisalsopaidtocrit-icizingthemodelsconstructed.Thedependentvariableintheseconddataset,therela-tivefrequencyofga"as
7、comparedtoda"responsesiscategoricalratherthancontinu-ous,andismoreoverbinomiallydistributed.Mixed-e ectslogisticregressionmodelswithparticipantsasrandome ectsaredevelopedforthesedata,againwithconsiderablespacedevotedtographicalexploratonandmodelcriticism.Thethirddatasetconsi
8、stsofdis-similarityratingsthatareanalyzedintwoways, rstasacontinuous
