the light of publicity in the progressive era

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1、KEVINSTOKERANDBRADL.RAWLINSThe"Light"ofPublicityintheProgressiveEraFromSearchlighttoFlashlightThisarticleexaminestheconnotativeevolutionoftheterm"publicity."Anhistoricalanalysisofarticlesimtteninmagat^ines,journals,andnempapersfrom1890to1930illustratesbowcorporationsandgovernmentco-optedideasofth

2、eprogressivemovementintoselfservingpructices.Progressivesvieu^edpublicityasamoralreformthatwouldopenpoliticsandbusinesstopublicscrutinyandhelppreventcorruption.Overtime,publicityevolvedintoacommunicationstrategyforcorporationsseekingpublicapprovalThisstudyfoundthatthechangefroma"broadsearchlight"

3、ofpublicitytoa"narrowflashlight"ofpositiveinformationinthehandsofpublicrelationsexpertsallowedbusinessandgovernmenttoshapepublicopinionratherthanbeinfluencedbyit.uringtheprogressiveera,amixofbusinessmen,social1920s,suchoptimismaboutpublicityhaddiedout.Insteadofprais-reformers,andeducatorssoughtto

4、restoremoralandcivicingpublicit)',journalismprofessorRoscoeC.E.BrowncondemnedDpurit)'byreformingbusiness,society,andgovernment,itasaweaponusedbycorporationstocontrolpublicopinion.ForPulitzerPrize-winninghistorianRichardHofstadtersnidhim,publicitywasanotherformofpropagandausedby"greatprogressivesw

5、antedbaektheeconomicindependenceandpoliti-corporations"whoserepresentatives"standguardatmanysourcescalfreedomdestroyedbygreatcorporationsandcorruptpoliticalofnews,fendingoffthetookeeninquirerandleavingthenewspa-machinesandtheirleaders,buttheyalsorecognizedthattheseor-perthechoiceoflettingitselfbe

6、spoon-fedorgoingempty."^Inganizationsweretheretostayandcouldbenefitsociety.'Theyre-lessthanthirtyyears,thedefinitionofpublicityhadchangedfromsolvedtomakebusinessandpoliticsmoreaccountabletothepeopleabroadsearchlightforexposingexcessandcorruptiontoacon-byusingpublicitytoexposeabuses.ProminentNewYo

7、rkCitytrolledflashlightilluminatingonlychosepracticesthatcorporationsbankerHenryClews,writingin1906,typifiedtheprogressives'at-wantedtliepublictosee.]ustasthesurroundingareabecomestitudetowardpublicity:darkerastheeyead