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1、TheMoralLimitsoftheCriminalLawVolume3:HarmtoSelfFeinberg,Joel,ProfessorofPhilosophy,UniversityofArizona,TucsonPrintpublicationdate:1989,PublishedtoOxfordScholarshipOnline:November2003PrintISBN-13:978-0-19-505923-6,doi:10.1093/0195059239.001.000117LegalPaternalismJoelFeinbe
2、rg1.DiverseMeaningsof“Paternalism”Myaimthusfarhasbeentoformulatethemostplausibleliberty-limitingprinciplesthatmightyetbecalled,withhistoricalandlinguisticpropriety,“liberal.”Liberalism,asIhaveunderstoodit,istheviewthattheharmandoffenseprinciples,andonlythese,stategoodandrel
3、evantreasonsforstatecoercionbymeansofthecriminallaw.Wehaveseenthattheseprinciples,untiltheyareinterpreted,qualified,andmediatedbyvariousstandards,arelargelyvacuous.Accordingly,wehaveconcentratedthusfaronfleshingthemoutwithnormativesubstanceinawaythatmakesthemmoreuseful,witho
4、utdepartingfromthemoralattitudesthatprovidethemwiththeirinitialappeal.Nowitistimetoconsiderthenegativepartofthetraditionalliberalthesis,thatnootherproposedliberty-limiting(orcoercion-legitimizing)principlescanhavemoralpropriety.Historicallyithasbeenthisnegativecontentionth
5、athasbeendearesttotheliberal'sheartandmostlikelytomeetdeterminedoppositionfromhisopponents.JohnStuartMillwasespeciallyemphaticinexcludingfromtheclassoftenablelegitimizingprinciplesthatwhichallowsthepreventionofharmtotheactorhimselftobeajustificationforinvadinghisliberty:His
6、owngood,eitherphysicalormoralisnotasufficientwarrant.Hecannotberightfullycompelledtodoorforbearbecauseitwillbebetterforhimtodoso,becauseitwillmakehimhappier,becauseintheopinionofothers,todosowouldbewise...Thesearegoodreasonsforremonstratingwithhim,orreasoningwithhim,orpersua
7、dinghim,orentreatinghim,butnotforcompellinghimorvisitinghimwithanyevilincasehedootherwise.1endp.3TheilliberalprinciplesoemphaticallyrejectedbyMillcanbestatedsomewhatmoreexactlyasfollows:Itisalwaysagoodandrelevant(thoughnotnecessarilydecisive)reasoninsupportofacriminalprohi
8、bitionthatitwillpreventharm(physical,psychological,oreconomic)totheactorhimself.Inrecenty
