The role of consciousness in second language learning

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1、TheRoleofConsciousnessinSecondLanguageLearning{RICHARDW.SCHMIDTTheUniversityofHawaiiatManoaThispapersummarizesrecentpsychologicalresearchandtheoryonthetopicofconsciousnessandlooksatthreequestionsinsecondlanguagelearningrelatedtotheroleofconsciousnessi

2、ninputprocessing:whetherconsciousawarenessatthelevelof'noticing'isnecessaryforlanguagelearning(thesubliminallearningissue);whetheritisnecessarytoconsciously'payattention'inordertolearn(theincidentallearningissue);andwhetherlearnerhypothesesbasedoninpu

3、taretheresultofconsciousinsightandunderstandingoranunconsciousprocessofabstraction(theimplicitlearningissue).Iconcludethatsubliminallanguagelearningisimpossible,andthatnoticingisthenecessaryandsufficientconditionforconvertinginputtointake.Incidentalle

4、arning,ontheotherhand,isclearlybothpossibleandeffectivewhenthedemandsofataskfocusattentiononwhatistobelearned.Evenso,payingattentionisprobablyfacilitative,andmaybenecessaryifadultlearnersaretoacquireredundantgrammaticalfeatures.Theimplicitlearningissu

5、eisthemostdifficulttoresolve.Thereisevidenceforit,aswellasforafacilitativeeffectforconsciousunderstanding,butaccountingforimplicitlearningmayentailabandonmentofthenotionofunconscious'rules'ofthetypeusuallyassumedinappliedlinguistics.1.INTRODUCTIONOneo

6、fthemorecontroversialissuesinappliedlinguisticsconcernstheroleofconsciousandunconsciousprocessesinsecondlanguagelearning.Ontheonehand,therearemanywhobelievethatconsciousunderstandingofthetargetlanguagesystemisnecessaryiflearnersaretoproducecorrectform

7、sandusethemappropriately.Inthisview,errorsaretheresultofnotknowingtherulesofthetargetlanguage,forgettingthem,ornotpayingattention.Thereislittletheoreticalsupportforthemosttraditionalformofthisview;nocurrenttheorypositstheconsciousstudyofgrammaraseithe

8、ranecessaryorsufficientconditionforlanguagelearning.However,Bialystok(1978)hasprovidedatheoreticalframeworkthatallowsaroleforconsciousknowledge,andRutherfordandSharwoodSmith(1985)havearguedthat'consciousness-raising',drawinglearnersattentionto