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1、LinguisticsoftheTibeto-BurmanAreaVolume29.1—April2006TONALREASSOCIATIONANDRISINGTONALCONTOURSINNAXI1AlexisMichaudLaboratoiredePhonétiqueetPhonologie,UMR7018CNRS/SorbonneNouvelle,Paris,FranceWesternNaxihasthreetones(High,MidandLow)plusamorerecentrisin
2、gcontourtone.ThefirstpartofthearticledescribesthesynchronicprocesswherebythereductionofamorphemecarryingaHightoneresultsinre-associationofitstonetotheprecedingsyllable,creatingarisingcontour.Thesecondpartpresentsthelexicalitemsthatcarryarisingtone:‘n
3、ative’wordscarryingarisingcontourtonepointtotheuseofHigh-toneadditioninpossessiveconstructionsatanearlierstage.ThenumerousChineseloanwordswithrisingtoneareprobablynottheoriginoftherisingtoneofNaxi;theyarguablyledtotheconsolidationofapre-existingrisin
4、g-tonecategory.INTRODUCTIONNaxiisaSino-Tibetanlanguagespokenbysome300,000peoplemostlyconcentratedintheLijiangNaxiAutonomousCounty(lìjiāngnàxīzúzìzhìxiàn丽江纳西族自治县)oftheprovinceofYunnan,China.Itiscloseto,thoughnotamemberof,theBurmese-YibranchofSino-Tibe
5、tan(Bradley1975,1997:37;Matisoff2003:5,8;Thurgood2003:20).Naxiappearsasatextbookexampleoflevel-tonelanguage:eachsyllablecarriesaHigh(́),Mid(̄),orLow(̀)lexicaltone(hereafterH,M,L).However,arisingtoneisalsoreportedonasmallsetof‘native’wordsaswellasonnu
6、merousloanwords.Thepresenceofrisingtoneswithoutcorrespondingfallingtonesseemstoberelativelyuncommon,whereastheoppositesituation,thatofalanguagewithafallingcontourtoneandnorisingcontour,appearstobemorewidelyattested2(e.g.,intheTibetandomain,Shigatsean
7、dDzongkha:Sun1997:487,502nandreferencestherein).Risingcontoursareavoidedinvariouslanguages(e.g.intheBantubranchoftheNiger-Congofamily:Kisseberth2001:149;inJapanesedialects:Nakai2001).AvoidancestrategiescanconsistinreplacingarisebyalevelHtone(e.g.inHa
8、usa,ChadicbranchoftheAfro-Asiaticfamily;detailsinNewman1995:765-766)orinmovingtheHpartofthecontourontothefollowingsyllable.Amongthethree-tonesystemsfoundinAfrica(e.g.Gulmancema,Ncam,KasemintheVoltaicfamily,andIgbo,Yoruba,Yala-Ikom,Ega,EbrieintheKwafa
