using R for data analyse.tmp

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1、AnIntroductiontoRNotesonR:AProgrammingEnvironmentforDataAnalysisandGraphicsVersion2.11.1(2010-05-31)W.N.Venables,D.M.SmithandtheRDevelopmentCoreTeamCopyrightc1990W.N.VenablesCopyrightc1992W.N.Venables&D.M.SmithCopyrightc1997R.Gentleman&R.IhakaCopyrightc1997,1998M.MaechlerCopyrightc

2、1997–RCoreDevelopmentTeamCopyrightc1999–2010RDevelopmentCoreTeamPermissionisgrantedtomakeanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthismanualprovidedthecopy-rightnoticeandthispermissionnoticearepreservedonallcopies.Permissionisgrantedtocopyanddistributemodifiedversionsofthismanualunderthecondi-

3、tionsforverbatimcopying,providedthattheentireresultingderivedworkisdistributedunderthetermsofapermissionnoticeidenticaltothisone.Permissionisgrantedtocopyanddistributetranslationsofthismanualintoanotherlanguage,undertheaboveconditionsformodifiedversions,exceptthatthispermissionnoti

4、cemaybestatedinatranslationapprovedbytheRDevelopmentCoreTeam.ISBN3-900051-12-7iTableofContentsPreface:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::11Introductionandpreliminaries:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::21.1TheRenvironment::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

5、::::::::::::::::::::::::21.2Relatedsoftwareanddocumentation:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::21.3Randstatistics::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::21.4Randthewindowsystem:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::31.5UsingR

6、interactively::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::31.6Anintroductorysession::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::41.7Gettinghelpwithfunctionsandfeatures:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::41.8Rcommands,casesensitivity,etc.::::::

7、:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::41.9Recallandcorrectionofpreviouscommands:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::51.10Executingcommandsfromordivertingoutputtoafile::::::::::::::::::::::::::::51.11Datapermanencyandremovingobjects:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::5

8、2Simplemanipulations;numbe