how to be a good learner

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1、Unit2LanguageTheoriesandLanguageLearners2.1Viewsonlanguagelearning2.2HowimportantistheSs'motivation?2.3Whoisresponsibleforlearning?2.4Whatcharacteristicsdogoodlearnersshare?2.5Whatarethedifferentlevels?Behavioristtheory(行为主义学习理论）Cognitivetheory(认知主义行为理论）Constructivisttheory(

2、构建主义理论）2.1ViewsonlanguagelearningThebehavioristtheoryoflanguagelearningwasinitiatedbybehavioralpsychologistSkinner(斯金纳),whoappliedWatson’s（华生）theoryofpsychology.Inthistheoryallcomplexformsofbehavior-motions,habits,andsuch-areseenascomposedofsimplemuscularandglandularelements

3、thatcanbeobservedandmeasured.Theyclaimedthatemotionalreactionsarelearnedinmuchthesamewayasotherskills.Behavioristtheory(行为主义学习理论）行为主义学习理论及其要点代表人物：桑代克、斯金纳关键词：效果律、练习律、预备律；及时强化与延时强化、连续强化和部分强化分析：表扬机制和为什么不能滥用表扬及时反馈的重要性学习是试误过程。有什么样的后效刺激，就会有怎样的反应。学习过程是一种渐进由部分到整体的过程。强化是学习成功的关键，学习应重知

4、识、重技能、重外部行为的研究。Thetermcognitivismisoftenusedlooselytodescribemethodsinwhichstudentsareaskedtothinkratherthansimplyrepeat.itseemstobelargelytheresultofNoamChomsky’sreactiontoSkinner’sbehavioristtheory,whichledtotherevivalofstructurallinguistics.Cognitivetheory(认知主义行为理论）认知主义学习

5、理论及其要点学习是认知结构的组织与再组织。学习过程是信息加工过程。学习是凭整体认识。代表人物：皮亚杰、奥苏贝尔关键词：认知结构学习风格加工策略典型应用：直观教学、演示教学Theconstructivisttheorybelievesthatlearningisaprocessinwhichthelearnerconstructsmeaningbasedonhis/herownexperiencesandwhathe/shealreadyknows.Constructivisttheory(构建主义理论）建构主义学习理论所以有人认为它是中间路线，

6、也有人认为它是后现代思潮在教育领域的体现。主观主义客观主义学生中心教师中心建构主义认为，知识不是通过教师传授得到，而是学习者在一定的情境(社会文化背景)下，借助其他人（包括教师和学习伙伴）的帮助，利用必要的学习资料，通过意义建构的方式而获得。1.Howmanyforeignlanguagecanyouspeaksofar?2.Whendidyoustartlearningtheforeignlanguage?3.Whatdifficultieshaveyouexperiencedinlearning?4.Doyouconsideryoursel

7、fasuccessfullearner?5.Whichskilldoyoufindmoredifficulttolearn?6.Whydoyoulearntheforeignlanguage?7.Doyouconsideryouareasuccessfullearner?Why?2.2HowimportantistheSs'motivation?Motivationcanbedividedintoseveraldifferentgroups.integrativemotivation&instrumentalmotivationintrinsi

8、cmotivation&extrinsicmotivationindirectlong-rangemotivation&directshort-ran