Introduction (SLA)

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1、Introduction1.1Whatissecondlanguageacquisition?1.1.1Secondv.foreignlanguageacquisitionInthecaseofsecondlanguageacquisition,thelanguageplaysaninstitutionalandsocialroleinthecommunity.(i.e.iffunctionsasarecognizedmeansofcommunicationamongmemberswhospeaksomeotherlanguagea

2、stheirmothertongue.)Foreignlanguagelearningtakesplaceinsettingswherethelanguageplaysnomajorroleinthecommunityandisprimarilylearntonlyintheclassroom.1.1.2Naturalisticv.instructedsecondlanguageacquisitionAdistinctionwillbemadebetweennaturalisticandinstructedsecondlanguag

3、eacquisition,accordingtowhetherthelanguageislearntthroughcommunicationthattakesplaceinnaturallyoccurringsocialsituationsorthroughstudy,withthehelpof“guidance”fromreferencebooksorclassroominstruction.1.1.3Competencev.performanceAccordingtoChomsky(1965),competenceconsist

4、softhementalrepresentationsoflinguisticrulesthatconstitutethespeaker-hearer’sinternalgrammar.Performanceconsistsoftheuseofthisgrammarinthecomprehensionandproductionoflanguage.1.1.4Usagev.useUsageisthataspectofperformancewhichmakesevidenttheextenttowhichthelanguageuserd

5、emonstrateshisknowledgeoflinguisticrules.Useisthataspectofperformancewhich“makesevidenttheextenttowhichthelanguageusedemonstrateshisabilitytousehisknowledgeoflinguisticrulesforeffectivecommunication”.1.1.5Acquisitionv.learningAcquisitionreferstothesubconsciousprocessof

6、“pickingup”alanguagethroughexposureandlearningreferstotheconsciousprocessofstudying(Krashen1981).1.1.6ConceptofSLAEllis(1994:6)thinksSLA“referstothesubconsciousorconsciousprocessesbywhichalanguageotherthanthemothertongueislearntinanaturaloratutoredsetting.”DianeLarsen-

7、Freemandefines:“SLAreallyhascometomeantheacquisitionofanylanguage(s)otherthanone’snativelanguage(2000:7).”AlthoughVivianCookusesL2learningratherthanL2acquisitionto“includealllearningoflanguagesotherthanthefirstinwhateversituationorforwhateverpurpose(2000:7),”hedoesn’tm

8、akeadistinctionbetweenlanguageacquisitionandlanguagelearning,asmostlinguistsdo.1.2Generalquestionsinsecondlanguageacq