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1、WhospeaksEnglishtoday?QuestionsWhichthreegroupsofusersarereferredtoindescriptionsofthespreadofEnglish?Whatismeantbyeachoftheselabels?a)HowwouldyoudefineENL?b)HowwouldyoudefineESL?c)HowwouldyoudefineEFL?Whydoweneedthesecategories?Doyouthinktheselabelsrefertoentirelyhomogeneousgroups?Whatcom
2、plicationscanariseinapplyingthesedefinitionsinmeaningfulandconsistentways?IsthegeographicdefinitionofENL,ESL&EFLconvincing&unproblematic?ListanddiscusstheproblemsMacArthur(1998)seesinthisthree-waycategorization.ENL,ESLandEFLThespreadofEnglishisdiscussedwithreferencetothreegroupsofusers:ana
3、tivelanguage(ENL)user,asecondlanguage(ESL)user,&aforeignlanguage(EFL)userThecategorieshavebecomefuzzyattheedges.ENL,ESLandEFL(continued)ENL(inUK,USA,Canada,Australia&NewZealand)has350millionusers.ESL(inIndia,Bangladesh,Nigeria,Singapore,etc.,formercoloniesoftheEnglish)has350millionusers.EF
4、L(servesnoparticularpurposeinthecountry)hasaround1billionusers.ENL,ESL&EFL(continued)McArthur(1998)suggeststhatthereareanumberofproblemswiththis3-waycategorization:ENLisnotasinglevarietyofEnglish,pidginsandcreolesdonotfitwellintothe3categories,therearelargenumbersofENLpeopleincertainESLter
5、ritories,therearelargenumbersofESLpeopleincertainENLterritories,thecategoriesdonottakeaccountofthefactthatEnglishisoftenspokeninmultilingualcontexts,inaframeworkofcode-mixing&switching,nativespeakersarealwaysconsideredsuperiorregardlessofthequalityoflanguagetheyspeak,&therearemanyEFL/ESLco
6、ntextswhereEnglishisbeingusedintranationally.TutorialQuestionsDoyouthinktherearepotentialnegativeconsequencestoreferringtopeopleasESLorEFLusers?Whatdoyouthinkofthenotion‘functionalnativeness’?Isthisuseful/needed?DoyouthinkENLisabettervarietythanESL/EFLvarieties?Explainyouranswer.Modelsandd
7、escriptionsofthespreadofEnglishQuestionsWhatarethemodelshopingtoachieve?WhatarethedistinctivefeaturesoftheSteven’s(1980)model?BrieflydescribeGorlach’sCirclemodel.HowdoesitdifferfromSteven’smodel?BrieflydescribeMacArthur’sCircleModel.HowdoesitdifferfromSteven’s
