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1、美国银行业的监管中南财经政法大学新华金融保险学院陈雄兵院长银行业结构存款机构(depositoryinstitutions)简称为银行（bank），包括：规模较大的商业银行(commercialbanks)规模较小的储蓄机构(thriftinstitutions)savingsandloanassociations(S&Ls)savingsbankscreditunionsCommercialBankAfinancialinstitutionthatprovidesservices,suchasacceptingdeposits,givin
2、gbusinessloansandautoloans,mortgagelending,andbasicinvestmentproductslikesavingsaccountsandcertificatesofdeposit.Thetraditionalcommercialbankisabrickandmortarinstitutionwithtellers,safedepositboxes,vaultsandATMs.However,somecommercialbanksdonothaveanyphysicalbranchesandreq
3、uireconsumerstocompletealltransactionsbyphoneorInternet.Inexchange,theygenerallypayhigherinterestratesoninvestmentsanddeposits,andchargelowerfees.S&LsAsavingsandloanassociation(orS&L),alsoknownasathrift,isafinancialinstitutionthatspecializesinacceptingsavingsdepositsandmak
4、ingmortgageandotherloans.Theyareoftenmutuallyheld(oftencalledmutualsavingsbanks),meaningthatthedepositorsandborrowersarememberswithvotingrights,andhavetheabilitytodirectthefinancialandmanagerialgoalsoftheorganizationS&LsBylaw,thriftsmusthaveatleast65percentoftheirlendingin
5、mortgagesandotherconsumerloans—makingthemparticularlyvulnerabletohousingdownturnssuchasthedeeponetheU.S.hasexperiencedsince2007.DuringtheSavingsandLoanCrisis,from1986to1995,thenumberoffederallyinsuredsavingsandloansintheUnitedStatesdeclinedfrom3,234to1,645.Thiswasprimarily
6、,butnotexclusively,duetounsoundrealestateSavingsbankAsavingsbankisafinancialinstitutionwhoseprimarypurposeisacceptingsavingsdeposits.Itmayalsoperformsomeotherfunctions.Savingsbankswerelimitedbylawtoonlyoffersavingsaccountsandtomaketheirincomefrommortgagesandstudentloans.Sa
7、vingsbankscouldpayone-thirdof1%higherinterestonsavingsthancouldacommercialbank.CreditunionsCreditunionsintheUnitedStatesserved89millionmembersasof2008,comprising43.7%oftheeconomicallyactivepopulation.U.S.creditunionsarenot-for-profit,cooperative,tax-exemptorganizations.Aso
8、fOctober2011,thelargestAmericancreditunionwasNavyFederalCreditUnion,servingU.S.Department
