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1、I．DefinitionofAmericanRealism“Whereromanticiststranscendtheimmediatetofindtheideal,andnaturalistsplumbtheactualorsuperficialtofindthescientificlawsthatcontrolitsactions,realistsentertheirattentiontoaremarkabledegreeontheimmediate,thehereandnow,thespecificaction,andth
2、everifiableconsequence”(WilliamHarmonandHughHolman,AHandbooktoLiterature,p428Realismisbasedontheaccurate,unromanticizedobservationofhumanexperiences.Itinsistsoneverydayscenesarerepresentedinastraightforwardormatter-of-factmanneronprecisedescription,authenticactionand
3、dialogue,moralhonestyandademocraticopennessinsubjectmatterandstyle.Asaliterarymovement,realismreferstotheapproachofrealistfictionoccurredatthelatterpartofthe19thcentury.Realisticwritersexaminethingsinmuchdetail,questionthescenethey’retalkingabout,questionwhatthey’res
4、eeing,havecriticalsense,aretruthfultolife.Realism:trytoeducatepeople,towarnpeople,tobemoralteachers,tobenefitthesocietyhecriticizessomuch,todealwithmorality,tobemorecriticalCharacteristicsofWritings(1)Realismisthetheoryofwritinginwhichfamiliaraspectsofcontemporarylif
5、eandeverydaysensesarerepresentedinastraightforwardormatter-of-factmanner.(2)Inrealistfictioncharactersfromallsociallevelsareexaminedindepth.(3)Openendingisalsoagoodexampleofthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.(4)Realismfocusesoncommonnessofthelivesofthecommonpeoplewhoarec
6、ustomarilyignoredbythearts.(5)Realismemphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.(6)RomanticismpresentsmoralvisionsII.ThereasonsontheriseofAmericanRealism※moreeducatedpeople;※thedevelopmentofindustry;※growthofpop
7、ulationincity/urban;※immigration:peoplemovefromthenorthtothesouth,fromtheeasttothewest;※theGildedAge:moreandmorepeoplebecomerich,pleasure-seeking,self-contained.Politicalreason：•theresultoftheAmericanCivilWar(1861--1865):•ThevictoryoftheNorth,toprotecttheintegrityoft
8、heUnitedStatesasanindivisiblenation;•Congresstriedtopressforwardwithitsprogramof“Reconstruction”,orreformofthesouthernstates;•Slave
