试谈材料相关概论.ppt

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1、Chapter1IntroductiontoMaterials－Definition材料的定义－Types材料的类型－Structure材料的结构–Structure–properties–processing结构－性能－工艺之间的关系1ClassificationofMaterialsBasisofclassification:atomicstructuresnatureofchemicalbonds:金属键Metallicbond离子键Ionicbond共价键Covalentbond范德华健VanderWaalsbond氢键Hydrogenbond2Classificat

2、ion（按物理化学属性）Metallicmaterials金属材料Inorganic-nonmetallicmaterials无机非金属材料Polymericmaterials有机高分子材料Compositematerials复合材料3PropertiesMechanicalproperties:thebehaviorofmaterialsdeformedbyasetofforces.Physicalproperties:thebehaviorofmaterialssubjectedtotheactionoftemperature,electricormagneticfiel

3、ds,orlight.Chemicalproperties:thebehaviorofmaterialinareactiveenvironment.4Thefourbasicaspectsofmaterialsscienceandtechnology5TypesofMaterialsMetalCharacteristics/propertiesisstrong;canbereadilyformedintopracticalIt’sductilityisanimportantassetinpermittingsmallamountsofyieldingtosuddenandse

4、vereloads.6TypesFerrousmetals:pigiron,carbonsteel,pureironNon-ferrousmetals:heavy,light,valuedandraremetalsSpecialmetals:non-crystalline,shapememoryalloy7CeramicsCharacteristics/properties:brittleRecentdevelopmentintechnologyStructuralfeature:crystalline:theconstituentatomsarestackedtogethe

5、rinaregular,repeatingpattern.noncrystalline:theatomsarestackedinirregular,randompatterns.glass:noncrystallinesolids8PolymersComposition:hydrogenandcarbon,oxygenPropertiesLightweightlow-costlowstrengthlowmeltingpoint,andhigherchemicalreactivity9StructuralCharacteristicofMaterialsFormsofsolid

6、s:crystalline&amorphousCrystalline:anorderedarrangementoftheelementaryparticles(ions,atomsormolecules).晶体结构:晶体中原子（或离子）在空间规则排列的方式。103.1PropertiesofcrystalsDependon:theelectronicstructureofatomsthenatureoftheinteractionsinthecrystalthespatialarrangementofelementaryparticles,andthecomposition,

7、sizeandshapeofcrystals.11Anisotropy各向异性:Thepropertiesofcrystalsaredifferentinvariouscrystallographicdirections,whichareassociatedwithanorderedarrangementofatoms(ions,molecules)inspace.Thisphenomenoniscalledanisotropy.123.2CrystalLattice晶格Arrangementofele