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1、1.Whatarethecategoriesoflexicalmeaning?Lexicalmeaningincludes:a)referentialmeaning(alsodenotativemeaning).b)Associativemeanings.Referentialmeaningisthecentralmeaninganditismorestableanduniversal.Associativemeaningsaremeaningsaremeaningsthathingeonreferentialmeaning,wh
2、icharelessstableandmoreculture-specific.Typesofassociativemeanings:connotativemeaning,socialmeaning,affectivemeaning,reflectedmeaning,collectivemeaning2.Whatarethecomponentsofmetaphor?Therearetwopositionsonthefunctionofmetaphors:a)theclassicalviewseesmetaphorarhetoric
3、aldevice;b)anotherviewholdsmetaphoracognitivedevice.Metaphors一spossiblepreciselybecausetherearemetaphorsinaperson’sconceptualsystems.
Allmetaphorsarecomposedoftwodomains:targetdomain(alsotenor)andsourcedomain(vehicle).3.Howdoestransformationalgrammaraccountforsentence
4、-relatedness?1)AccordingtoChomsky,agrammarasthetacitsharedknowledgeofallspeakersisasystemoffiniterulesbywhichaninfinitenumberofsentencescanbegenerated.Heattemptstoaccountforthisaspectofsyntaxbypostulatingthatdeepstructuresandsurfacestructures.2)Deepstructuresarethebas
5、icstructuresgeneratedbyphrasestructurerules.3)Surfacestructuresarederivedstructures,thestructuresofsentencesthatweactuallyspeak.Surfacestructuresarederivedfromdeepstructuresthroughtransformationalruleswhichincludereplacement,insertion,deletionandcoping,etc.4.Onwhatbas
6、isdolinguistsregardhumanlanguageasspecies-specific(uniqueto12humans)?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Manyphilosophersandlinguistsbelievethatlanguageisuniquetoman.Languageisahumantraitthatsetsusapartfromotherlivingcreatures.Theyspellou
7、tanumberoffeaturesoflanguagewhicharenotfoundinanimalcommunicationsystems.Thesefeatures:creativity,duality,arbitrariness,displacement,culturaltransmission,interchangeabilityandreflexivity.Theseareuniversalfeaturespossessedbyallhumanlanguages.Althoughsomeanimalcommunica
8、tionsystemspossess,toaverylimiteddegree,oneoranotherofthesefeaturesexceptcreativityandduality,noneisfoundtohaveallthefeature
