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1、《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第4章练习题参考答案Chapter4Syntax1.Whatissyntax?Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.2.Whatisphrasestructurerule?Thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofeleme
2、nts(i.e.specifiers,heads,andcomplements)thatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.ThephrasestructuralruleforNP,VP,AP,andPPcanbewrittenasfollows:NP→(Det)N(PP)...VP→(Qual)V(NP)...AP→(Deg)A(PP)...PP→(Deg)P(NP)...Wecanformulateasinglegeneralphrasalstructural
3、ruleinwhichXstandsfortheheadN,V,AorP.TheXPrule:XP→(specifier)X(complement)3.Whatiscategory?Howtodetermineaword'scategory?Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Todet
4、ermineaword'scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namelymeaning,inflectionanddistribution.若详细回答，则要加上：Wordcategoriesoftenbearsomerelationshipwithitsmeaning.Themeaningsassociatedwithnounsandverbscanbeelaboratedinvariousways.Thepropertyorattributeoftheentit
5、iesdenotedbynounscanbeelaboratedbyadjectives.Forexample,whenwesaythatprettylady,weareattributingtheproperty‘pretty’totheladydesignatedbythenoun.Similarly,thepropertiesandattributesoftheactions,sensationsandstatesdesignatedbyverbscantypicallybedenotedbyadverb
6、s.Forexample,inJennyleftquietlytheadverbquietlyindicatesthemannerofJenny'sleaving.Thesecondcriteriontodetermineaword'scategoryisinflection.Wordsofdifferentcategoriestakedifferentinflections.Suchnounsasboyanddesktakethepluralaffix-s.Verbssuchasworkandhelptake
7、pasttenseaffix-edandprogressiveaffix-ing.Andadjectiveslikequietandclevertakecomparativeaffix-erandsuperlativeaffix-est.Althoughinflectionisveryhelpfulindeterminingaword'scategory,itdoesnotalwayssuffice.Somewordsdonottakeinflections.Forexample,nounslikemoistu
8、re,fog,donotusuallytakepluralsuffix-sandadjectiveslikefrequent,intelligentdonottakecomparativeandsuperlativeaffixes-erand-est.Thelastandmorereliablecriterionofdeterminingaword'scategoryisitsdist
