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1、TallBuildingStructureTallbuildingshavefascinatedmankindfromthebeginningofcivilization,theirconstructionbeinginitiallyfordefenseandsubsequentlyforecclesiasticalpurposes.Thegrowthinmoderntallbuildingconstruction,however,whichbeganinthe1880s,hasbeenlargelyforcommercia
2、landresidentialpurposes.Tallcommercialbuildingsareprimarilyaresponsetothedemandbybusinessactivitiestobeasclosetoeachother,andtothecitycenter,aspossible,therebyputtingintensepressureontheavailablelandspace.Also,becausetheyformdistinctivelandmarks,tallcommercialbuild
3、ingsarefrequentlydevelopedincitycentersasprestigesymbolsforcorporateorganizations.Further,thebusinessandtouristcommunity,withitsincreasingmobility,hasfuelledaneedformore,frequentlyhigh-rise,citycenterhotelaccommodations.Therapidgrowthoftheurbanpopulationandtheconse
4、quentpressureonlimitedspacehaveconsiderablyinfluencedcityresidentialdevelopment.Thehighcostofland,thedesiretoavoidacontinuousurbansprawl,andtheneedtopreserveimportantagriculturalproductionhaveallcontributedtodriveresidentialbuildingsupward.Ideally,intheearlystageso
5、fplanningabuilding,theentiredesignteam,includingthearchitect,structuralengineer,andservicesengineer,shouldcollaboratetoagreeonaformofstructuretosatisfytheirrespectiverequirementsoffunction,safetyandserviceability,andservicing.Itisdifficulttodefineahigh-risebuilding
6、.Onemaysaythatalow-risebuildingrangesfrom1to2stories.Amedium-risebuildingprobablyrangesbetween3or4storiesupto10or20storiesormore.Althoughthebasicprinciplesofverticalandhorizontalsubsystemdesignremainthesameforlow-,medium-,orhigh-risebuildings,whenabuildinggetshight
7、heverticalsubsystemsbecomeacontrollingproblemfortworeasons.Higherverticalloadswillrequirelargercolumns,walls,andshafts.But,moresignificantly,theoverturningmomentandthesheardeflectionsproducedbylateralforcesaremuchlargerandmustbe10carefullyprovidedfor.Theverticalsub
8、systemsinahigh-risebuildingtransmitaccumulatedgravityloadfromstorytostory,thusrequiringlargercolumnorwallsectionstosupportsuchloading.Inadditiont
