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1、Chapter3 Lexicon1.WhatiswordWord:aunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynative-speakers,whetherspokenorwritten1.1Threesensesof“word”:Aphysicallydefinableunit:Wordmaybeseenasaclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentowpausesorblanks.Phonologic
2、alandorthographic(书写上)Problem:Whenliaisonandcontractedformsoccur2)Wordbothasageneraltermandasaspecificterm:boy,boyscheck,checks,checked,checkingLexeme(词位):theabstractunitunderlyingthesmallestunitinthelexicalsystemofalanguage,whichappearsindifferentgrammati
3、calcontextsWrite---write,writes,wrote,writing,writtenFat---fat,fatter,fattest3)Agrammaticalunit:sentenceclausephrasewordmorphemeProblem:freemorphemesorwords:black,bird,air,craft,town,hall1.2Identificationofwords1)Stability:theconstituentpartsofacomplexword
4、cannotberearrangedchairman﹡manchairThechairmanlookedattheaudience.Theaudiencelookedatthechairman.2)Relativeuninterruptibility:Newelementscannotbeinsertedintoawordevenwhenthereareseveralpartsinaword.disappointmentdis+appoint+mentPaul,(Jane)andRebeccaaremycl
5、assmates.3)Aminimumfreeform:thesmallestunitthatcanconstituteacompleteutterancebyitself,eg--IsJanecomingtonight?--Possibly.Hi.Wonderful.1.3ClassificationofwordsVariablevs.invariablewords:Variablewords:Onecouldfindorderedandregularseriesofgrammaticallydiffer
6、entwordforms;ontheotherhand,partofthewordremainsconstantfollow,follows,following,followed;mat,matsInvariablewords:thosewordssuchassince,when,seldom,through,hello.Theydonothaveinflectiveendings.2)Grammaticalwordsvs.lexicalwords:Grammaticalwords:expressgramm
7、aticalmeanings,suchasconjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronounsLexicalwords:havelexicalmeanings,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.Thelexicalwordscarrythemaincontentofalanguage(contentwords)andthegrammatica
8、lwordsservetolinkthedifferentpartsofasentencetogether(functionwords).3)Closed-classwordsvs.open-classwords:Grammatical---lexicalwordsclosed-class---open-classwordsClosed-class:awordwhosemembershipisfixedorlim
