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ID:52455277
大小:2.21 MB
页数:54页
时间:2020-04-07
《清华经济学原理29通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍、宏观经济政策的六个争论问题.ppt》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在PPT专区-天天文库。
1、135通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡TheShort-RunTradeoffbetweenInflationandUnemployment2失业与通货膨胀UnemploymentandInflation两个密切受到注视的经济状况指标是通货膨胀和失业。Twocloselywatchedindicatorsofeconomicperformanceareinflationandunemployment.将通货膨胀率和失业率相加得到痛苦指数,它是经济“健康”的一个衡量指标。Themiseryindex,onemeasureofthe“
2、health”oftheeconomy,addstogethertheinflationrateandunemploymentrate.3失业与通货膨胀UnemploymentandInflation通胀与失业的关系这一话题吸引了过去半个世纪最重要的一些经济学家的注意力。Therelationshipbetweeninflationandunemploymentisatopicthathasattractedattentionofsomeofthemostimportanteconomistsofthelasthalf-cen
3、tury.关于通胀与失业的思想史不可避免地和美国经济的历史相联系。Thehistoryofthoughtregardinginflationandunemploymentsincethe1950sisinextricablyconnectedtothehistoryoftheU.S.economy.4失业与通货膨胀:长期UnemploymentandInflation:TheLong-run自然失业率依赖于劳动力市场的各种特征。Thenaturalrateofunemploymentdependsonvariousfeatur
4、esofthelabormarket.例如,最低工资法、工会的市场权力、效率工资的作用、寻找工作的有效性。Examplesincludeminimum-wagelaws,themarketpowerofunions,theroleofefficiencywages,andtheeffectivenessofjobsearch.5失业与通货膨胀:长期UnemploymentandInflation:TheLong-run通货膨胀率主要依赖于货币数量的增长,它是由美联储控制的。Theinflationratedependsprim
5、arilyongrowthinthequantityofmoney,controlledbytheFed.因此,在长期中,通货膨胀和失业基本是互不相关的问题。Inthelongrun,therefore,inflationandunemploymentarelargelyunrelatedproblems.6失业与通货膨胀:短期UnemploymentandInflation:TheShort-run社会面临着失业与通货膨胀之间的短期权衡。Societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweenunempl
6、oymentandinflation.如果政策制定者扩张总需求,他们能够降低失业,但必须以更高的通货膨胀为代价。Ifpolicymakersexpandaggregatedemand,theycanlowerunemployment,butonlyatthecostofhigherinflation.如果他们紧缩总需求,他们能够降低通货膨胀,但必须以暂时更高的失业率为代价。Iftheycontractaggregatedemand,theycanlowerinflation,butatthecostoftemporarilyh
7、igherunemployment.7菲利普斯曲线ThePhillipsCurve1958年,A·W·菲利普斯将英国自1861至1957年历年的通货膨胀率与失业率绘制成图。In1958,A.W.PhillipsdrewadiagramplottingtherateofinflationagainsttherateofunemploymentintheUnitedKingdomforeachyearfrom1861to1957.他发现通货膨胀率与失业率之间有明显的负相关关系:当失业率低时,通货膨胀率高,而当失业率高时,通货膨胀低
8、,甚至经常是负的。Hefoundclearevidenceofanegativerelationbetweeninflationandunemployment:Whenunemploymentwaslow,inflationwashigh,andwhenunemploymen
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