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4、n–accessjournalforphysicsCharacteristicwavevelocitiesinsphericalelectromagneticcloaksADYaghjian1,3,SMaci2andEMartini21Concord,MA01742,USA2DepartmentofInformationEngineering,UniversityofSiena,Siena53100,ItalyE-mail:a.yaghjian@verizon.net,macis@dii.unisi.itandmar
5、tini@dii.unisi.itNewJournalofPhysics11(2009)113011(14pp)Received27August2009Published6November2009Onlineathttp://www.njp.org/doi:10.1088/1367-2630/11/11/113011Abstract.Weinvestigatethecharacteristicwavevelocitiesinsphericalelectromagneticcloaks,namely,phase,ray
6、,groupandenergy-transportvelocities.Afterderivingexplicitexpressionsforthephaseandrayvelocities(thelatterdefinedasthephasevelocityalongthedirectionofthePoyntingvector),specialattentionisgiventothedeterminationofgroupandenergy-transportvelocities,becauseacursorya
7、pplicationofconventionalformulaeforlocalgroupandenergy-transportvelocitiescanleadtoadiscrepancybetweenthesevelocitiesifthepermittivityandpermeabilitydyadicsarenotequaloverafrequencyrangeaboutthecenterfrequency.Incontrast,ageneraltheoremcanbeprovenfromMaxwell’se
8、quationsthatthelocalgroupandenergy-transportvelocitiesareequalinlinear,lossless,frequencydispersive,source-freebianisotropicmaterial.Thisapparentparadoxisexplainedbyshowingt
