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1、WATERRESOURCESRESEARCH,VOL.47,W07506,doi:10.1029/2010WR009889,2011Evaporationsuppressionfromwaterreservoirs:Efficiencyconsiderationsofpartialcovers112S.Assouline,K.Narkis,andD.OrReceived15August2010;revised12April2011;accepted3May2011;published2July2011.[1]Reservoirsenhanceavailabilityandtemporalst
2、abilityofwaterresources,however,waterlossesduetoevaporationmaysignificantlyreducetheiroperationalefficiency.Studieshaveevaluatedtheefficacyofvarioustypesofchemicalorphysicalevaporationbarriersoftenonaqualitativebasis.Certaindesignandmaintenanceadvantagesareofferedbyself-assemblingmodularfloatingcoverse
3、speciallyforlargereservoirsurfaces.Evidencesuggeststhatevaporationsuppressionefficiencyofthesefloatingcoversisnotproportionaltothecoveredsurfacefraction.Capitalizingonrecentexperimentalresultscarriedoutonsmallvessels,weshowthatevaporationsuppressionefficiencyoffloatingcoversinmuchlargerreservoirs(3to5o
4、rderofmagnitudeinvolume)isproportionaltothesquarerootofopenarea.Thermaleffectsofevaporationfromopenandpartiallycoveredsurfacesonsurfacewatertemperatureareproportionaltoevaporationrateandthusprovideapotentialmeanforreal-timemonitoringofcoverperformance.Floatingcoversseemtosuppressevaporationmoreeffe
5、ctivelythanothersuspendedevaporationbarriers.Forafixedcoveredsurfacefraction,largerholessuppressevaporationmoreefficientlythanmanysmalleranddistributedopenings.Theconceptsandrelationshipsdevelopedinthisstudyprovidequantitativemeansforengineeringdesignandeconomicalevaluationofevaporativebarriersforwat
6、erreservoirsintermsofcovergeometryandwatersavingefficiency.Citation:Assouline,S.,K.Narkis,andD.Or(2011),Evaporationsuppressionfromwaterreservoirs:Efficiencyconsiderationsofpartialcovers,WaterResour.Res.,47,W07506,doi:10.1029/2010WR009889.1.IntroductionregionsinSpain[Martınez-Alvarezetal.,2008],exa
7、cerbat-inganalreadyscarcewaterresourcesproblem.[2]Freshwaterforhumanutilizationisbecomingscarce[3]Theincreaseinfreshwaterstoragecapacitytomeetworldwide,oftenexacerbatedbygeographicimbalancegrowingdemandhass
