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1、Unit2Unit2Whatishappinesstoyou?Overview:infinitive,verb-ingandverb-ed(II)Grammarandusage1.不定式作状语(1)不定式作状语常用来表目的、结果或原因等。e.g.Weeattolive,butwedon’tlivetoeat.(目的)Whathashesaidtomakeyousohappy?(结果)一、作状语Sheburstintotearstohearthebadnews.(原因)注意:表目的的不定式还常与soas或inorder连用，构成soas(not)todo和i
2、norder(not)todo结构，其中soas(not)todo不能用于句首。e.g.Togetthereintime,wegotupveryearly.=Inordertogetthereintime,wegotupveryearly.=Wegotupveryearly(inorder/soas)togetthereintime.(2)不定式可用于作表语或补语的形容词之后作状语。e.g.Becarefulnottocatchcold. Themaniseasytogetalongwith.(3)不定式常与too或enough连用，在句中作状语。e.g.
3、Theboyistooyoungtogotoschool/tobesenttoschool. =Theboyisnotoldenoughtogotoschool/tobesenttoschool.(4)不定式有时用于so...astodosth.结构中作状语。e.g.Willyoubesokindastohelpmewiththework?(5)有时，不定式还可修饰一个句子，表明说话人的态度。常见的这类不定式有totellyouthetruth，tobehonest，tobefrank，tobefair等。e.g.Totellyouthetruth,Ido
4、n’tlikethefilm.2.-ing分词和-ed分词作状语(1)-ing分词和-ed分词作状语修饰谓语，多说明动作发生的背景、方式或伴随情况。如果在逻辑上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系，用-ing分词，有动宾关系则用-ed分词。e.g.Weenjoyedourselvesinthepark,singinganddancing. Builtin1900,thehouseisnow100yearsold.(2)-ing分词和-ed分词都可作原因或时间状语,其作用相当于一个相应的状语从句。如果在逻辑上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系用-ing分词，有动宾关系则用-e
5、d分词。e.g.Beingsopoorinthosedays,theycouldn’tsendtheboytoschool.(原因) Borninapoorfamily,theboycouldnotgotoschool.(原因) Hearingthebadnews,sheburstintotears.(时间) Seenfromthehill,theparklooksmorebeautiful.(时间)(3)-ing分词有时可作结果状语。e.g.Herhusbanddiedinthewar,leavingherawidowwiththreechildren.
6、 Wegotupveryearly,arrivingatthehospitalaheadoftime.(4)-ed分词有时用作条件状语，其作用相当于一个条件状语从句。e.g.Givenmoretime,wecouldhavedoneitmuchbetter.(5)如果不定式或分词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生，该不定式或分词用完成式。e.g.I’msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Havingnever/Nothavingmetthemanbefore,Icouldn’trecognizehimatfirst. Ha
7、vingfinishedmyhomework,Iwenttoplayfootball.(6)分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为“独立主格”结构。e.g.Hergrandfatherbeingill,shehadtostayathomelookingafterhim.(原因)Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.（时间）Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.（原因）Weatherpermitt
8、ing,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.
