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1、SectionⅠUseofEnglish Directions: Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points) Inthepastfewdecades,remarkablefindingshavebeenmadeinethology,thestudyofanimalsocialbehavior.Earlierscientistshad1thatnonhumansociallifewasalmostto
2、tallyinstinctiveorfixedbygenetics.Muchmorecarefulobservationhasshownthat2variationoccursamongthesocialtiesofmostspecies,showingthatlearningisapartofsociallife.Thatis,the3arenotsolelyfixedbythegenes. 4,thelearningthatoccursisoftenatanearlyageinaprocessthatiscalledimprinting.Imprintin
3、gisclearly5instinctive,butitisnotquitelikethelearningofhumans;itissomethinginbetweenthetwo.Anillustrationbest6thenatureofimprinting.Once,biologiststhoughtthatducklingsfollowedthemotherduckbecauseofinstincts.Nowweknowthat,shortly7theyhatch,ducklingsfix8anyobjectaboutthesizeofaduckandw
4、illhenceforthfollowit.Soducklingsmayfollowabasketballorabriefcaseiftheseare9forthemotherduckatthetimewhenimprintingoccurs.Thus,socialtiescanbeconsiderably10,evenonesthathaveaconsiderablebase11bygenetics. Evenamongthesocialinsectssomethinglikeimprinting12influencesocialbehavior.Forex
5、ample,biologistsoncethoughtbeescommunicatedwithotherspurely13instinct.But,inexamininga"dance"thatbeesdotoindicatethedistanceanddirectionofapollensource,observersfoundthatbeesraisedinisolationcouldnotcommunicateeffectively.Atahigherlevel,thegeneticbaseseemstobemuchmoreforanallpurpose
6、learningratherthanthemorespecificresponsesofimprinting.Chimpanzees,forinstance,generally14verygoodmotherbutJaneGoodallreportsthatsomechimpscarrytheinfantupsidedownor15failtonurturetheyoung.Shebelievesthatthesefemalesweretheyoungestorthe16childofamother.Insuchcircumstances,theydidnoth
7、avetheopportunitytoobservehowtheirownmother17forheryoung.Certainlyadolescentchimpswhoarestillwiththeirmotherswhenotheryoungareborntakemuchinterestintherearingoftheiryoungbrotherorsister.Theyhaveanexcellentopportunitytolearn,andthesocialtiesthatarecreatedbetweenmotherandyoung18Goodall
8、todescribeth