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1、CultureinAncientRomeTheRomanRisetoEmpireI.Rome’sEarlyHistoryRome’soriginsaretobefoundamongtribesofIronAgefolkcalledLatins,whoinvadedtheItalianpeninsulajustafterthebeginningofthefirstmillenniumB.C.E.Bythemid-eighthcenturyB.C.E.,thesepeoplehadfoundedthecityofRomeinthelowervalleyoftheTiberRi
2、ver,aspotstrategicallylocatedforcontroloftheItalianpeninsulaandforconvenientaccesstotheMediterraneanSea.WhilecentralItalybecamethedomainoftheLatins,therestofthepeninsulareceivedacontinuousinfusionofeasternMediterraneanpeople--Etruscans(以特鲁里亚人):establishedthemselvesinnorthwestItaly,wereexp
3、ertsintheartsofmetallurgy(冶金),townbuilding,andcityplanning.(FromthemRomansabsorbedthefundamentalsofurbanplanning,chariotracing,thetoga（参议员职位）,bronzeandgoldcrafting,andthemostingenious灵巧的structuralprincipleofMesopotamianarchitecture–thearch.)Greeks:colonizedthetipoftheItalianpeninsulaandSi
4、cily,weremastersofphilosophyandthearts.(FromthemRomansborrowedapantheonofgodsandgoddesses,linguisticandliteraryprinciples,andtheaestheticsoftheclassicalstyle.)Phoenicians:settledonthenortherncoastofAfrica,broughtwestwardtheiralphabetandtheircommercialandmaritimeskills.II.TheRomanRepublic(
5、509-133B.C.E.)Forthreecenturies,EtruscankingsruledtheLatinpopulation,butin509B.C.E.theLatinsoverthrewtheEtruscans.Overthenexttwohundredyears,monarchyslowlygavewaytoagovernment“ofthepeople”(respublica).TheagriculturalpopulationofancientRomeconsistedofthepatricians贵族:apowerfulclassoflargela
6、ndowner.TheywerelifemembersoftheRomanSenateandcontrolledthelawmakingprocess.Plebeians平民:amorepopulousclassofsmallfarmers.TheyconstitutedthemembershipofaPopularAssembly.Theyhadlittlevoiceingovernment.Stepbystep,theplebeiansgainedincreasingpoliticalinfluence.Usingasleveragetheirroleassoldie
7、rsintheRomanarmyandtheirpowerofveto否决权,exercisedthroughplebeianleaderscalledtribunes护民官theplebeiansmadethemselvesheard.Eventually,theywonthefreedomtointermarrywiththepatricians,therighttoholdexecutiveoffice,and,finally,in287B.C.E.,theprivilegeofmakinglaws.Thesternan
