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1、ChapterthreeWordformation(1)Contents1.Threesensesof“word”2.Identificationofwords3.Classificationofwords1.Threesensesof“word”Aunitofexpressionthatnativespeakersmayrecognizebyintuition,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.–Avaguedefinition.Threesensesareinvolvedindefinin
2、g“word”,noneofwhichissatisfactorytocopewithallthesituations.(1)Aphysicalunit:aclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopausesorblanks,egPhonological:[ɪtɪzˈwʌndəfl]Orthographic:Itiswonderful.Threewordsarerecognized.(2)BothasageneraltermandasaspecifictermAsetofforms:walk,walk
3、s,walking,walkedHowmanywordsarethere?(general:one;specific:four)SoWORDmaybeusedbothasageneralterm(thenwalk,walks,walking,walkedarejustoneword)andasspecificitems(thenwalk,walks,walking,walkedarethreewords).(3)Agrammaticalunit:sentenceclausephrasewordmorphemeTheWordrankisloca
4、tedbetweenMorphemePhrase.Aword,inthissense,isthenagrammaticalunit,justlikemorphemeorclausecomplex.2.IdentificationofwordsThreefactorstoidentifywords:(1)Stability:themoststableofalllinguisticunits.e.g.housewife,butnot*wifehouse(2)Relativeuninterruptibility:newelementsshouldn
5、otbeinsertedintoaword.e.g.independent,butnot*inadependention(3)Aminimumfreeform:thesmallestunitthatcanbeusedasacompleteutterancebyitself,e.gCertainly.Yes.Hi.WonderfulMorning.3.Classificationofwords(1)Generalclassificationa.Variablevs.InvariableWordsb.Grammaticalvs.LexicalWo
6、rdsc.Closed-classvs.Open-classWordsa.variablewords&invariablewordsfollowgosayboydogfatlatesincewhenathroughhellothatVariablewords:mayhaveinflectivechangee.gnouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs.Invariablewords:donothaveinflectiveendings.e.gconjunctions,prepositions,articles,interj
7、ection,pronouns.a.variablewords&invariablewordsb.grammaticalwords&lexicalwordsanduptheanthislovebuildingpanruncrazymadghostslowlyb.grammaticalwords&lexicalwordsGrammatical/Functionwords:mainlyworkforconstructinggroup,phrase,clauseoreventext.Suchasconjunctions,prepositions,a
8、rticles,pronouns.Lexical/Contentwords:mainlyworkforreferringtosubstance,actionandq