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1、InternationalEconomicsByRobertJ.Carbaugh9thEditionChapter3:InternationalEquilibriumTheBasicTheoryUsingDemandandSupplyDemandDeterminationsofconsumerdemandsPreferences,Priceoftheproduct,IncomeThedemandcurveslopedownward.Theresponsivenessofquantitydemandedtoachangei
2、npricedependsontheslopeofthedemandcurve—thatis,thepriceelasticityofdemand2Carbaugh,Chap.3ConsumerSurplusConsumerSurplus:theincreaseintheeconomicwell-beingofconsumerswhoareabletobuytheproductatamarketpricelowerthanthehighestpricethattheyarewillingandabletopayforth
3、eproduct.消费者剩余：用比消费者为某商品愿意并且能够支付的最高价格更低的市场价格来购买该商品所获得的经济福利。–Itmeasurestheamountaconsumergainsfromapurchasebythedifferencebetweenthepriceheactuallypaysandthepricehewouldhavebeenwillingtopay.–Graphically,itisequaltotheareaunderthedemandcurveandabovetheprice.3Carbau
4、gh,Chap.3ConsumerSurplus4Carbaugh,Chap.3SupplyThedeterminationsofsupply:Priceoftheproducts,Costs(ofproducingandselling)ThesupplycurveslopesupwardTheresponsivenessofquantitysuppliedtoachangeinmarketpricedependsontheslopeofthesupplycurve—thatis,thepriceelasticityof
5、supply5Carbaugh,Chap.3ProducerSurplusProductsurplus—theincreaseintheeconomicwell-beingofproducerswhoareabletoselltheproductatamarketpricehigherthanthelowestpricethatwouldhavedrawnouttheirsupply.生产者剩余就是生产者以比他们愿意接受的最低价格更高的市场价格销售商品所获得的经济福利。–Itmeasurestheamountaprodu
6、cergainsfromasalebythedifferencebetweenthepriceheactuallyreceivesandthepriceatwhichhewouldhavebeenwillingtosell.–Graphically,itisequaltotheareaabovethesupplycurveandbelowtheprice.6Carbaugh,Chap.3ProducerSurplus7Carbaugh,Chap.3ANationalMarketwithNoTradeIfthereisno
7、internationaltrade,equilibriumoccursatthepriceatwhichthemarketclearsEquilibriumPrice:$2000Equilibriumquantity:40,000ConsumerSurplus:cProducerSurplus:h8Carbaugh,Chap.3TwoNationalMarketsandtheOpeningofTradeArbitrage:buyingsomethinginonemarketandresellingthesamethin
8、ginanothermarkettoprofitfromapricedifference.套利：通过在一个市场上买入某物，在另一个市场上卖出某物而赚取差价的行为。9Carbaugh,Chap.3FreeTradeEquilibriumIftherearenotransportcostsorotherfrictions
