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1、FROMOLDREGIMETOREVOLUTIONTheMortalGod:LeviathanThomasHobbes(1588-1679)Biographical/HistoricalBackgroundThomasHobbes(1588-1679)LifetimethatspannedthereignofthequeenofElizabeth,CharlesI,TheEnglishCivilWar,OliverCromwell,andtheRestorationoftheMonarchyunderCharlesII.Ente
2、redOxfordat14,graduatedwhenhewas19,gotajobasatutor.LeviathanwaspublishedinLondonin1651whilehewasinexileinParis.SoonafterpublicationhefleesParis(theCatholicsobjectedtoitsattackonthepapacy)andresettlesbackinEngland.CharlesIIisrestoredaskingin1660.Hobbesmanagestolivethe
3、restofhislifeinrelativepeaceonagovernmentpension.OutlineHobbes’stateofnatureSolution:CreateaSovereignConsequencesHobbes’stateofnatureNaturehasmademansoequal,inthefacultiesofthebodyandmind;asthatthoughtherebefoundonemansometimesmanifestlystrongerinbody,orofquikermindt
4、hananother;yetwhenallisreckonedtogether,thedifferencesbetweenmanandman,isnotsoconsiderable.Fromthisequalityofability,arisesequalityofhopeintheattainmentofourend.Andthereforeifanytwomendesirethesamething,whichneverthelesstheycannotbothenjoy,theybecomeenemies.Sothatint
5、henatureofman,wefindthreeprincipalcausesofquarrel.First,competition;secondly,insecurity;thirdly,glory.Therefore,itisclearthatduringthetimemenlivewithoutacommonpowertokeepthemallinawe,theyareintheconditionwhichiscalledwar;andsuchawarisofeveryman,againsteveryman.Insuch
6、conditions,thereisnoplaceforindustry;becausethefruitinthereforeisuncertain……andwhichisworstofall,continualfearanddangerofsuddentdeath;andthelifeofman,solitary,poor,nasty,brutishandshort……Solution:CreateaSovereignThefinalcause,end,ordesignofmen,whonatuallyloveliberty,
7、anddominionoverothers,istheintroductionofthatrestaintuponthemselves,whichweseethemliveincommonwealths……theonlywaytoerectsuchacommonpower,istoconferalltheirpowerandstrenthupononeman,orupononeassemblyofmen……【Allmenshall】submittheirwills…tohiswill,andtheirjudgement,tohi
8、sjudgement.Thisisarealunityofthem,inoneandthesameperson,madebycovenantofeverymanwitheveryman,insuchmanner,asifeverymanshouldsaytoev
