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1、TheCivilWarReadingsFrederickDouglassLincoln'sfirstinauguralSherman'sletterLincoln'ssecndTheCivilWar620,000deaths--almosttheequalofallAmericandeathsinallotherwarscombined.TheyweretwiceaslargeinabsolutetermsasAmericandeathsinWorldWarII.Militarydeathsper10,000people.182peopleouto
2、fevery10,000forCivilWar.WWII:30outof10,000--about1/6th.VietNam,3out10,000Twiceasmanydeathsfromdiseasethanfromthebattlefield.8%pop.ofwhiteadultmalesdiedinwar.6%ofnorthernwhiteadultmales,18%southernwhiteadultmales.LargestandmostdestructivewarintheWesternWorldbetween1815and1914.m
3、obilizedclosetothetotalresourcesofthenorthandthetotalresourcesoftheConfederacy.Slavery1619:aDutch-man-of-warsold"20oddNegars"tothecolonyofVirginia--althoughwewillneverknowiftheseAfricanswereenslavedforlifeornot.AllofthethirteencoloniesthatdeclaredindependencefromBritainin1776r
4、ecognizedslavery.DavidBrianDavishasshown,slaveryissonearlyubiquitousthroughouttimethattherealhistoricalquestionishowanti-slaveryandemancipationaroseinthewesternworldduringthe18thcentury.SlaveryandCapitalistTransformation17thcentury:reestablishmentofslaveryinthewesternworld.Wes
5、ternEuropeanexpansionleadstoriseinforcedlaborinbothEasternEuropeandin“NewWorld”(The“secondserfdom”inEast.Europe;blackandnativeslaveryinthe“NewWorld.”AfricabecomesmajorsourceoflaborFromreligiontoraceTheChristianWestoriginallyjustifiesslaverybysayingonlynon-Christianscanbeenslav
6、ed.ButinBritishNorthAmericaandWestIndies,inthe17thcenturylawswaspassedsayingthatconvertingtoChristianitywouldNOTfreeslaves.Alsolawswerepassedsayingthatthechildrenofslavemotherswouldbeslavesaswell.AndinBritishNorthAmerica,andtheUSA,whilewhitepeoplemightbetreatedbadly,theywerene
7、verlegallyslaves.EmancipationDuringtheRevolutionthenorthernstatesbegan“gradualEmancipation.”RadicalChristians,particularlyQuakersandMethodists,sawslaveholdingassinful,aperpetualactofwar.Enlightenmentthinkersheldthatslaveryconflictedwiththenaturalrightsofman.Finally,anemergingc
8、apitalistargumentcondemnedslaveryasinefficient.Emancipationwa
