雅思托福语法之写作中误用的冠词.doc

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1、写作中误用的冠词要点1.冠词成员包括：定冠词the,不定冠词a(n)和零冠词()。2.所指Reference的三个重要意义所指：类指Genericreference,特指Specificreference和独指Uniquereference。一、类指Genericreference1.()Tigersaredangerousanimals.2.Atigerisadangerousanimal.3.Thetigerisadangerousanimal.所有冠词均有类指功能。但，形态不同，内涵肯定有别1.()Tigers

2、aredangerousanimals.零冠词在可数复数名词前表达类指意义时，all能替代零冠词：Tigersaredangerousanimals.Alltigersaredangerousanimals.()Horsesareusefulanimals.Allhorsesareusefulanimals.()Monkeysareactivetree-climbinganimals,belongingtothatclassofanimalsmostlikeman.Allmonkeysareactivetree-cl

3、imbinganimals,belongingtothatclassofanimalsmostlikeman.2.Atigerisadangerousanimal.不定冠词在可数单数名词前表达类指意义时，each,every和any能替代不定冠词：Ahorseisausefulanimal.Everyhorseisausefulanimal.Eachhorseisausefulanimal.Anyhorseisausefulanimal.Adeskhasfourlegs.Everydeskhasfourlegs.Ea

4、chdeskhasfourlegs.Anydeskhasfourlegs.零冠词和不定冠词类指的差别可视为all（强调全体）和every或each或any（侧重每一个体）的差别。3.Thetigerisadangerousanimal.表达属性意义的类指应是定冠词和可数单数名词的合作：Thehorse(asaparticularspeciesofanimal)isausefulanimal.TheIndustrialRevolutionwasmarkedbythereplacementofthesteamshipfo

5、rtheboat.*?TheIndustrialRevolutionwasmarkedbythereplacementof()steamshipsfor()boats.*TheIndustrialRevolutionwasmarkedbythereplacementofallsteamshipsforallboats.*?TheIndustrialRevolutionwasmarkedbythereplacementofasteamshipforaboat.*TheIndustrialRevolutionwasmar

6、kedbythereplacementofeverysteamshipforeveryboat.此处希望表达的是代表不同生产力和生产关系的汽船与木船的不同属性。1.()Tigersaredangerousanimals.唯有零冠词能在不可数名词前完成类指的表达：()Waterisindispensableforlife.()Woodcatchesfireeasily.()Coffeeisapopulardrinkintheworld.()Honestyisthebestpolicy.()Architectureiso

7、neoftheFineArts.二、特指Specificreference1.特指分有定特指Definite和不定特指Indefinite。2.有定特指由定冠词the实现，又分前指Backwardreference,后指Forwardreference和情景所指Situationalreference三类。前指：Wecametoadoor.Toourgreatdisappointment,thedoorwaslocked.后指：Thisistheplacewherewecampedlastyear.情景所指：由语境决

8、定Closethedoorplease.比较：Closethedooroftheclassroomplease.103.不定特指:不定特指由不定冠词和可数单数名词表达：Athiefmusthavebeeninthehouse,foravaseismissing.或由零冠词和复数或不可数名词表达：Therewerenopeopletobeseen