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1、DefinitionByfarthereisnouniformdefinitionAccordingtoLakoff(1987:60),markednessisatermusedbylinguisticstodescribeakindofprototypeeffect—anasymmetryinacategory,whereonememberorsubcategoryistakentobesomehowmorebasicthantheother.Correspondingly,theunmarkedmemberhasthedefaultvalue.
2、introductionThenotionofmarkednesswasintroducedintoPragueSchoolforevaluatingthemembersofanoppositionalpairas“marked”and“unmarked”Amarkedformisanon-basicorlessnaturalformwhileanunmarkedformisabasics,defaultform.horse/mareTheconceptofmarkednessinvolvesasymmetricitythepresenceorab
3、senceofapropertyorfeature.Ingeneral,wherethecontrastisneutralized(onlyonememberofthepaircanoccur)theonewhichoccursisusually“unmarked”inthatenvironmentexamplesIntroductionMarkednessoriginallydevelopedfromphonologyThemarlkedandunmarkedphenomenononlyexistinoppositionalpairsofphon
4、emesnotallthephonemes.Whentwophonemesaredistinguishedbythepresenceorabsenceofasingledistinctivefeature,oneofthemissaidtobemarkedandtheotherunmarkedforthefeatureinquestion.Eg./t/-/d//k/-/g//b/-/p//s/-/z/.ExtensionofMarkednessTheory(b)markednesstheoryinmorphologyTheapplicationof
5、markednesstheoryinmorphologyiscalledformalmark(形式标记)First，thesingularformofwordsisusuallyunmarked,whilethepluralformofwordsismarked.theregularEnglishverbismarkedforpasttense,unmarkedinthepresent.Eg.tree/trees,box/boxes,jump/jumpedSecondly,somecomplementarywordssuchasprince/pri
6、ncess,actor/actress,wordswithsuffix–essaremarkedwhilewordswithout–nessareunmarkedExtensionofMarkednessTheory(c)markednesstheoryinlexiconSomewordsareunmarkedandsomearemarked.Eg,he/she“he”isunmarkedNooneinhissenseswoulddoathinglikethat.Nooneinhersenseswoulddoathinglikethat.Eg.do
7、g/bitchdogisunmarked,but“bitch”canonlyrefertofemaledogsEg.high/low;old/young;good/bad,etc.Howoldareyou?Nothowyoungareyou？Howhighisthebuilding?ExtensionofMarkednessTheory(d)markednesstheoryingrammarEg,do/does;visit/visited;go/going;tom/tom’sTheformerisunmarked(e)Markednessinsyn
8、taxEgIdislikethisperson.ItisunmarkedThispersonIdislike.Itisma
