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1、SystemsEngineeringReview系统工程Chapter1IntroductiontoSystemsEngineering1.1AttributesCharacterizingSystems(1)FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem(1)Assemblage(集合).Asystemconsistsofanumberofdistinguishableunits(elements,components,factors,subsystems,etc.),whichmaybephysicalorconceptual,nat
2、uralorartificial.ForExample,Considerauniversityasasystemforproducingeducatedgraduates.Someofthepartsoftheuniversitysystemarestructuralorstaticcomponents,suchasuniversitybuildings.Asthesystemisoperating,thesestructuralcomponentsusuallydonotchangemuch.Operatingcomponentsaredynamic
3、andperformprocessingsuchastheprofessorsinauniversitywhoteachstudents.Flowcomponentsareoftenmaterial,energy,orinformation;butinthisexample,studentsarethepartsthatflowormatriculatethroughtheuniversitysystem(2)Relationship.Severalunitsassembledtogetheraremerelya'group'ora'set.'Fors
4、uchagrouptobeadmissibleasasystem,arelationshiporaninteractionmustexistamongtheunits.Thesystemspointofviewalsorecognizesthataproblemanditssolutionhavemanyelementsorcomponents,andtherearemanydifferentrelationsamongthem.Forexample,gradesareonemechanism（机制）forinteractionbetweenprofe
5、ssorsandstudents.Gradesserveapurpose,intendedornot.1.1.1FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem1.1.1FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem(3)Goal-seeking.Anactualsystemasawholeperformsacertainfunctionoraimsatsingleormultipleobjectives.Wherevertheseobjectivesareattainedattheirmaximum/minimumlevel
6、s,systemoptimizationissaidtohavebeenperformed.Anobjectivethatismeasurablebyanymeansiscalledagoal/target.Forexample：A'manufacturingsystem'effectivelyconvertsresourcesofproductionintoproducedgoods(products),attaininganobjectivethatcreateshighutilitiesbyaddingvaluestotherawmaterial
7、s,resultinginsuperiorquality,costanddelivery.1.1.1FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem(4)Adaptabilitytoenvironment.Aspecific,factualsystembehavessoastoadapttothechangeinitssurroundings,orexternalenvironment.Forexample，A'businesssystem'isaself-organizingsystem,inthatitgeneratesadiversi
8、fiedvarietyofactivities,resultingineconomiesofs
