英美概况期末考试名词解释整理.pdf

英美概况期末考试名词解释整理.pdf

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1、TheindustrialrevolutionreferstothemechanizationofindustryandththeconsequentchangesinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19centuries.Britainwasthefirstcountrytoindustrialize.TheindustrialrevolutionAperiodinthelate18thandearly19thcenturieswhenmajorchangesinagriculture,manufact

2、uring,production,andtransportationhadaprofoundeffectonthesocioeconomicandculturalconditionsinBritain.TheIndustrialRevolution,wasaperiodofunprecedentedtechnological,economicandsocialchangethatcompletelytransformedBritishculturefromalargelyrural,staticsocietywithlimitedproductionanddivisionoflabouri

3、ntotheworld'sfirstmodernindustrialsociety.theBlackDeathItwasthedeadlybubonicplaguewhospreadthroughEuropeinthe14thcentury.ItsweptthroughEnglandwithoutwarningandanycure,andsparingnovictims.Itkilledbetweenhalfandone-thirdofthepopulationofEngland.Thus,muchlandwasleftuntendedandlaborwasshort.Itcausedfa

4、r-reachingeconomicconsequences.TheBlackDeath----Itwasoneofthedeadliestpandemicsinhumanhistory,peakinginEuropebetween1348and1350.ItiswidelythoughttohavebeenanoutbreakofbubonicplaguecausedbythebacteriumYersiniapestisisandhavestartedinCentralAsia.Itcamewithoutwarning,andwithoutanycue.TheBlackDeathise

5、stimatedtohavekilled30%to60%ofEurope'spopulationandhadprofoundeffectsonthecourseofEuropeanhistory.InEngland,itkilledalmosthalfofthetotalpopulation,causingfar-reachingeconomicconsequences.theProgressiveMovementTheProgressiveMovementisamovementdemandinggovernmentregulationoftheeconomyandsocialcondit

6、ions.Itspreadquicklywiththesupportoflargenumbersofpeopleacrossthecountry.Itwasnotanorganizedcampaignwithclearlydefinedgoals.(Rather,itwasanumberofdiverseeffortsatpolitical,social,andeconomicreforms.Inspiteoflimitationsofthemovement,itbroughtaboutchangesandimprovementinmanyfields.)RomanBritainwasth

7、epartoftheislandofGreatBritaincontrolledbytheRomanEmpirebetweenAD43andabout410.BritanniaalreadyhadculturalandeconomiclinkswithContinentalEurope,buttheinvadersintroducednewdevelopmentsinagriculture,urbanisation,in

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