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1、antonymy3、反义词组A)gradableopposites(contraries（相反）)a.Theywillshowdifferentdegreesofagivenquality.poorrich0255075100...b.Theycanbequalified（限制）byadverbials（状语）ofdegree.C.Theirmeaningsarerelativetoeachother.Onemeaningisdeterminedinreferencetothemeaningoftheother.Sincecontrariesaregra
2、dable,thesemanticcontrastinacontrarypairisrelative;i.e.thereareoftenintermediate（中间的）termsbetweenthetwoopposites.Thuswehavenotjustrichandpoor,buttherearesuchgradationsasrich,well-to-do（富裕的）,well-off（繁荣昌盛的）,moderatelywealthy,comfortablyoff,hardup,poor.open→→closebeautiful→→→uglywe
3、t→→→dryhot→warm→tepid→lukewarm（微温的）→cool→coldfreezing,chilly（寒冷的）,fresh,brisk（凛冽的）,mild（温和的）,scorching（灼热的）,boiling,sweltering（闷热的）adore（极喜欢）→loathe（讨厌）d.Sincetheyshowdifferentdegreesofagivenquality,theywillallowamiddlegroundbetweenthem.poorrich050100...e.Thenegation（否认）ofonedoes
4、notmeantheassertion（要求，坚持）oftheother.“Heisnotrich”doesnotmean“heispoor.”Theycanbeusedinthestructure“neither…nor（既不是……也不是）:forexample:Iamneitherrichnorpoor.我既不富有也不贫穷。F.Thiskindofantonymscanbeanalysedintermsofmarkedness(标记）“markedness”isatermoriginallyusedtoanalysegrammatical（语法意义）
5、meaning,forexample,“book”isunmarked（无标记词）；“books”isamarkedword（有标记词）becauseithasamarker“s”toshowthegrammaticalmeaningofplurality（复数）.Nowtheterms“marked”and“unmarked”havebeenwidelyusedintheanalysisofmeaning.Awordisunmarkedifitissemantically（语义地）inclusive,orbroaderinmeaningwhileawo
6、rdismarkedifitissemanticallynarrower.well,badlyA.HowwelldoyouspeakEnglish?B.VerywellC.VerypoorlyD.Likeanative.Veryoftenthiskindofantonymsarenotsymmetric（对称的）inmeaning.well,badlyA.HowbadlydoyouspeakEnglish?B.VerywellC.VerypoorlyD.Likeanative.old/youngheavy/lightWide/narrowdeep/sha
7、llowfar/nearlong/shortComplementarity（互补性）Antonymswhichcannotbecomparedtodeterminewhethertheyhavethesamedegreeofacertainpropertyarecalledungradable（难以辨认的）opposites.Complementaritiesareveryoftenungradableopposites.Thenegation（否定）ofoneistheassertion（要求）oftheother.Forexample:alive/d
8、ead“Heisnotalive”means“Heisdead”.Theycan
