戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记

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1、戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记September7,200917:24Ellen戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记Chapter1  Whatislanguage?[A]TheoriginsoflanguageSomespeculationsoftheoriginsoflanguage:①ThedivinesourceThebasichypothesis:ifinfantswereallowedtogrowupwithouthearinganylanguage,thentheywouldspontaneouslybeginusing

2、theoriginalgod-givenlanguage.Actually,childrenlivingwithoutaccesstohumanspeechintheirearlyyearsgrowupwithnolanguageatall.②Thenatural-soundsourceThebow-wowtheory:thesuggestionisthatprimitivewordscouldhavebeenimitationsofthenaturalsoundswhichearlymenandwomenheardaroundth

3、em.The“Yo-heave-ho”theory:thesoundsproducedbyhumanswhenexertingphysicaleffort,especiallywhenco-operatingwithotherhumans,maybetheoriginsofspeechsounds.Onomatopoeicsounds③Theoral-gesturesourceItisclaimedthatoriginallyasetofphysicalgestureswasdevelopedasameansofcommunicat

4、ion.Thepatternsofmovementinarticulationwouldbethesameasgesturalmovement;hencewavingtonguewoulddevelopfromwavinghand.④Glossogenetics（言语遗传学）Thisfocusesmainlyonthebiologicalbasisoftheformationanddevelopmentofhumanlanguage.Physiologicaladaptationàdevelopnamingabilityàinter

5、actionsandtransactionsPhysicaladaptation:Humanteethareuprightandroughlyeveninheight.Humanlipshaveintricatemuscleinterlacing,thusmakingthemveryflexible.Thehumanmouthissmallandcontainsaveryflexibletongue.Thehumanlarynxislowered,creatingalongercavitycalledthepharynx,andma

6、kingiteasierforthehumantochokeonthepiecesoffood,butmakingthesoundspeechpossible.Thehumanbrainislateralized.Thoseanalyticfunctions(tool-usingandlanguage)arelargelyconfinedtothelefthemisphereofthebrainformosthumans.Twomajorfunctionsoflanguage:Interactional:asocialfunctio

7、noflanguage.Transactional:afunctioninvolvingthecommunicationofknowledgeandinformation[B]ThepropertiesoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.a)System:combinedtogetheraccordingtorulesb)Arbitrary:nointrinsicconnectionbetweentheword“pen

8、”andthethingintheworldwhichitreferstoc)Vocal:theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguagesd)Human:languageishuman-specific（交