资源描述：
《a short history of atomic physics in the twentieth century》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、AshorthistoryofatomicphysicsinthetwentiethcenturyDanielKleppnerDepartmentofPhysicsandResearchLaboratoryofElectronics,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,Massachusetts02139[S0034-6861(99)02302-8]Thisbriefaccountdescribessomeofthedevelop-larlytherecognitionofthecompletefailur
2、eofstatisticalmentsofatomicphysicsduringthetwentiethcenturymechanicstodescribeathermalradiation®eld.thatparticularlyappealtotheauthor'ssensibility,thatofanexperimentalphysicist.ItmakesnopretensetoI.THEFIRSTTHIRTY-FIVEYEARSbeingcomprehensive.Onthecontrary,majortheoreti-Thescienti®cre
3、volutionthatledtothecreationofcalandexperimentalareashavebeenomittedbecausemodernphysicswaslargelyaccomplishedinthe®rstofthespacelimitations.Severalexcellenthistoricalstud-threedecadesofthiscentury.Itsmajorachievementsiesthatcanhelpto®lloutthepicturearelistedinthewereEinstein'stheor
4、iesofrelativityandgravitation,Biblography.andthecreationofquantummechanics.ItisquantumIn1943theAmericanPhysicalSocietyestablishedthemechanicsthatplaysthemostimportantroleinthishis-®rstofthemanydivisionsbywhichphysicsisnowsplittory,forbeforeitscreationatomictheorywascrudeandintosub®e
5、lds.ThiswastheDivisionofElectronPhysics,fundamentallyempiricalÐwhichistosaytherereallylatertobecometheDivisionofElectronandAtomicwasnotheoryÐwhileafterwardsthereexistedacom-Physics,andlateryettobecometheDivisionofAtomic,prehensivetheorythatprovidedanewlanguageforde-Molecular,andOpti
6、calPhysics.Atthebeginningofthescribingnatureandcouldaccountforatomicandmo-century,however,suchdistinctionswereunnecessary.lecularstructureanddynamicalprocessesinexquisiteWhatwenowcallatomicphysicswasthentheverycoredetail.Themajor®guresinthedevelopmentofquantumofphysicalscience.mecha
7、nicsarewellknown:Planck,Einstein,Bohr,andHerearesomeoftheconceptsthatwereonhandatlaterdeBroglie,Heisenberg,SchroÈdinger,Dirac,Pauli,theturnofthecentury.TherewasoverwhelmingbutandBorn.Suchacon¯uenceoftheoreticalgeniusrepre-indirectevidencefortheexistenceofatoms,includingsentsoneoftho
8、seremarkableepisode
