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1、电化学沉积纳米多孔锡合金锂离子电池负极材料的制备与性能研究Preparationandcharacterizationofnanoporoustinalloyasanodematerialsoflithium-ionbatteryZHANGShu-YongMar.13,20091990,commercializationoflithium-ionbatterybySony.Advantages:highspecificcapacity,longcyclelife,highworkingvoltage,nomemoryeffect,lessself-discharge,goodtemp
2、eratureadaptability,environmentalfriendliness.Anodematerials:Carbonousmaterials,Si-basedmaterials,Sn-basedmaterialsCarbonousmaterials(碳材料)：1)Softcarbon(软碳):petroleumcoke(石油焦)、carbonfiber(碳纤维)、MesocarbonMicrobeads(中间相碳微球等）、carbonnanotube(碳纳米管)2）Hardcarbon（硬碳）3）Graphite(石墨):naturalandartificial4）
3、Modifiedcarbon(改性碳材料):introductionofB,N,P,K,Al,Co,V,Ni,etc.Mainshortcomings:1)lowtheoreticalcapacity:372mAh/g2)high-temperaturetreatment.3)co-intercalationofelectrolytewithLi+4)safety5)highinternalresistance6)poorcyclelifeAdvantagesofalloyanodematerials:1)goodprecessability2)easycontrolofcompos
4、itionandstructure3)lowsensitivitytoenvironment4)fastchargeanddischage5)goodsafetyAdvantagesofSn-basedmaterials:(1)optinumoperatingpotential:1.0～0.3Vvs.Li+/Li，preventingformationofLidentriteathighcharge.(2)Noco-intercalationofelectrolyte.Moresolventscanbeused.Goodsafety.(3)highcapacityandvolumes
5、pecificcapacity:990mAh/gfortinalloyand372mAh/gforcarbonousmaterials;1450～1800mAh/mlfortinalloybut850mAh/mlforcarbonousmaterials.Problems:largevolumechangeduringcharge-discharge:100%～300%.pulverizationandworseningofelectriccontacttocurrentcollector.–poorcyclelife.Improvements:alloyingwithCu,Fe,S
6、b,Ni,Ca,Mg,Co,Mn,Ag,Zn,S,etc.Binary:Cu-Sn，Sb-Sn,Ni-Sn,Co-Sn，Ag-SnTernary:Ag-Sn-Zr，Sb-Sn-Cu，Zn-Sn-CuQuaternary:Cu-In-Sn-SSynthesisapproaches：1）机械合金化法（mechanicalalloying）2）高能球磨法（highenergyball-milling）3）气体雾化法（gas-phasespray）4）真空蒸镀法(vacuumevaporation)5)熔融法（meltingmethod）、熔体纺丝法6)电镀法（electroplating）
7、、脉冲电沉积法（pulsedelectrodeposition）7)化学还原法（chemicalreduction），高温碳还原法8)固相反应法（solid-statereaction）CrosnierO,BrousseT,DevauxX,etal.，J.PowerSources,2001,94(2):169-174HassounJ,PaneroS,SimonP,etal.,Adv.Mater.,2007,19(12):1632WangLB,Kitamur
