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1、Lessonthree1.Furthermore,pathologyisconcernedwiththesequenceofeventsthatleadsfromcausetostructuralandfunctionalabnormalitiesandfinallytomanifestations.thissequenceisreferredtoasthepathogenesisofdisease.thistermetiologymeansthestudyofcauses.itiscommonlymisusedasasy
2、nonymforcause.此外,病理学是跟事件发生的顺序有关。从引起结构和功能异常到最后临床表现。这个顺序被称为疾病的病因。病因学是指对原因的研究。经常被误用为原因。2.ifpossible,adiagnosisshouldbethenameofthediseasethatthepatienthas,e.g.,multiplesclerosis.如果可能的话,诊断应该是病人所患疾病的名称。例如,多发性硬化。3.3.laboratoryabnormalitiesinthebroadsensereferstotheobser
3、vationsmadebytestsorspecialprocedures,suchasX-rays,bloodcounts,orbiopsies.实验室异常广义上说是指通过实验或者特殊程序获得的观察,例如X射线,血细胞计数或者活检。4.therangeofabnormalitiesinthiscategoryisverybroad,extendingfromdeformitiespresentatbirthtobiochemicalchangescausedbygenesbutinfluencedbyenvironmen
4、tsotheyappearlaterinlife,e.g.,diabetesmellitus.这一类别的异常表现范围很广,从出生时的畸形直到因基因引起,但受环境因素影响向到后来才表现出来的生化变化,如糖尿病。5.acquiredinjuriesandinflammatorydiseasesarediseasesduetointernalorexternalforcesoragentsthatdestroycellsorintercellularsubstances,depositabnormalsubstances,orc
5、ausethebodytoinjureitselfbymeansoftheinflammatoryprocess.获得性损伤和炎症性疾病,是因为内部或外部的力或因子破坏细胞或细胞间的物质,使异常物质(异物或体内产生的物质)沉积、或通过炎症过程使机体损伤自身所致的疾病。6.neoplasmsaredividedintotwogroups,benignandmalignant,basedonwhethertheywillremainlocalizedorwillcontinetogrowandspread.cancerissy
6、nonymouswithmalignantneoplasm.thesituationismademorecomplicatedbycertaintypesofhyperplasiasthatslowlyevolve,presumablythroughaseriesofgeneticchangesinducedbyexternalagents,intomalignantneoplasms.肿瘤可分为两类,良性的和恶性的,判断依据是它们是限于局部还是不断生长和增殖,癌症即恶性肿瘤。由于某些增生类型可能是通过外部因素诱发的一系列
7、基因变化而缓慢演化成恶性肿瘤的,这使得情况更复杂。7.themorementalillnessesareinvestigated,themoreitisappreciatedthatthereislikelytobeanorganicbasis(onabiochemicallevel)tomanyofthem.themostcommonfunctionaldisordersaretensionheadacheandfunctionalbowelsyndrome,disordersthatprobablyareduetoun
8、consciousstimulationoftheautonomicnervoussystem.对精神疾病调查研究越多,就越意识到其中许多都可能有器质性病变(在生化水平上)。最常见的功能紊乱是紧张性头痛和功能性腹泻。这些紊乱起因于自主神经系统的无意识刺激。课后:Inthefieldofhealthcar