网友很全的argument总结

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1、Argument典型错误总结41.概念差异2.与时俱进3.因果关系4.错误类比5.草率推广6.非此即彼7.调查问题8.成本收益9.即非充分又非必要10.必要而非充分11.对比试验12.自相矛盾13.信息不完整14.反证法41.概念差异：攻击概念差异的最基本思路是先指出作者所提出的哪两个概念不能划等号，然后再具体说出他们的不同。如Argument1，运动服销量≠居民对运动的态度。句式：a)Theauthorfalsely/simplyequatesAwithB.b)TheargumentdependsontheassumptionthatAisrepresent

2、ativeofB.攻击作者概念不清的句式：a)Evenassuming…,itisneverthelessimpossibletoassesstheauthor’sbroadercontentionthat…攻击词汇定义的句式：有时作者对某一关键词定义不清，或根本没定义，从而导致偷换概念的错误。a)AthresholdprobleminvolvesthedefinitionofA;theauthorfailstodefinethiscriticalterm.b)IfAisdefineas…,then…isirrelevanttowhether…2.时间变化：“

3、与时俱进”Theauthor’sinferencethat…restsonthepoorassumptionthatduringthe…(theinterim)allconditionsuponwhichtheireffectivenessdependhaveremainedunchanged.+推测法和列举法otherfacets.Itisassumedwithoutjustificationthatbackgroundconditionshaveremainedthesameatdifferenttimes(conditions)3.因果关系：句式：1)T

4、heauthorfailstoestablishthecausalrelationshipbetweenAandB.2)Withoutsuchevidence,itisequallypossiblethatotherfactorsareinsteadresponsiblefor…3)However,theauthorprovidesnoevidencetosupportthatthatisthecase,nordoestheauthorestablishacausalrelationshipbetweenAandB.前后关系混同于因果关系：1)Theautho

5、rcommitsafallacyof“afterthis,thereforebecauseofthis”inassumingthat…攻击相关性混同为因果性错误的句式：1)Whileahighcorrelationisstrongevidenceofacausalrelationship,initselfitisnotsufficient.2)Theauthorhasnotshownanycorrelation,letaloneacause-and-effortrelationship,between…and…4.攻击错误类比Firstofall,thearg

6、umentisbasedonanincompletecomparisonandiswhollyunpersuasivebythisanalogy.Theauthorsimplyassumesthat…buthedoesnotprovideanyevidencethatisindeedcomparable.Asweknow,thetwosituationsarenotsimilarenoughtojustifytheanalogicaldeduction.用列举和推测法指出差异.Inshort,lackingevidencethatconditionsonthe

7、two**arerelevantlysimilar,theauthorcannotconvincemeonthebasisof**’sexperiencethat…wouldbeeffectiveinattaining**’sgoals.推测法句式：(1)Commonsenseandexperiencetellsusthisisnotthecase,andthatavarietyofotherfactors,suchas…,alsoplaymajorroles.4(1)Itispossiblethat…(2)Suchalternativesmayinclude

8、thatthefactthat…,or