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1、HeightenedReceptivity:SteppeObjectsandSteppeInfluencesinRoyalTombsoftheWesternHanDynastycaTrINkOsTLudWIGmaxImILIaNsuNIversITyTombsofthekingsoftheWesternHandynasty(202B.c.e.–9c.e.)oftencontainburialitemsthatarerelatedtothematerialcultureoftheEasternEurasianSteppe.Theseartifactsareusuallyinterp
2、retedinageneralsense,forinstanceasasignforthefascinationoftheHanelitewiththeexotic.Acloseranalysisofrelevantfinds,however,showsdifferentstrategiesofdealingwithforeigninfluences.Whiletheexchangewiththeempire’snorthernneighborsisevidencedthroughgoodsforwhichidenticalexcavatedparallelsfromtheste
3、ppeexist,theroyaltombsoftheHanalsocontaineditemsthatresembleandreferencesteppemotifsandobjectsbutwereclearlyproducedlocallyandforlocalconsumers.Especiallythelattertypeofartifactscanthusnotsimplybeinterpretedasthepassivebyproductofexchangerelations.Instead,wehavetoacknowledgethatdesign,product
4、ion,andusageoftheseobjectswerebasedonconsciousdecisions.Basedontheinsightthatobjectsalwayshaveasocialfunction,thisarticlearguesthattheHanelitenotonlyappropriatedsteppeinfluencesandmotifsbutalsostrategically(re)producedandintegratedthemintotheirworldinordertoredefine,enhance,andstrengthentheir
5、positionwithintheirsocialframework.Aculturetakesinwhatitisreadyfor...Thestateoftherecipient,notthestatusofthedonor,isthecrucialelementinreception.1From2009to2011,theNanjingMuseumconductedrescueexcavationsoftheWesternHandynasty(202B.c.e.–9c.e.)tombsatDayunshan大雲山(XuyiCounty,Jiangsuprovince)and
6、uncoveredamausoleumprecinctofthefeudatorykingsofthekingdomofJiangdu江都.Intotal,threemaintombs(M1,M2,M8),elevenattendanttombs,twochariot-and-horsepits,andtwoweaponrypitswereexcavated.Themainburials,althoughheavilylooted,stillcontainedanimpressiveamountoffunerarygoods.Tomb1aloneyieldedmorethan8,
7、000objectsandmorethan100,000banliang半兩coins.Althoughnoneofthesealsorinscribedvesselsexcavatedmentionsthenameofthetombowner,thepresenceofajadesuitandajadecoffin—burialgoodsusedexclusivelybymembersoftheimperialfamily—aswellasinscriptionsreferri
